Extra Boldening ofText in Man Screen Displays
Garrett Sylvester
gsylvester@gdats.com
Mon Nov 8 15:39:00 GMT 1999
I have recently installed Pierre Humblet's man port (1_5f) in tandem with the current CygWin
release (B20.1) on my Win95 Gateway PentiumII laptop. After fixing the usual hyphen problem, I am
left with the difficulty of a lot of text that appears on the screen as bold when it should be
ordinary. For example, when displaying the man page for the command ls, in the SYNOPSIS section the
initial ls is in bold (as it should be), but so are the first 41 printing characters of the next
line (from [-I pattern] through [--dire), as are the first 41 printing characters of the following
line, and so on down to the DESCRIPTION section. It too has overly bold text: the word "This" in
the first line is bold, and then the first 41 printing characters of the following line are also
bold,... However, the second paragraph in the DESCRIPTION section display (beginning "This manual
page documents the GNU version of ls.") appears to display correctly, with only those things
emboldened that should be.
It appears that the problem is only associated with the screen display, as the formatted page
doesn't show unexpected peculiarities when directed to a file output.
I have attached a Word document ("lsManPageStart.doc") that reproduces the difficulty with the
start of the "man ls" screen pretty faithfully, with the improper boldening of text. Also attached
is the result of directing the man display to a file ("lsManPageOut.txt"). Does anyone have a fix
for this problem? Pierre Humblet has already been more than kind with his time, so I'm a little
reluctant to bother him again.
Garrett Sylvester
gsylvester@gdats.com
cygcheck.out (OUT File)
lsManPageOut.txt (Text Document)
lsManPageStart.doc (Microsoft Word Document)
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LS(1) LS(1)
NNAAMMEE
ls, dir, vdir - list contents of directories
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
llss [-abcdfgiklmnpqrstuxABCFGLNQRSUX1] [-w cols] [-T cols]
[-I pattern] [--all] [--escape] [--directory] [--inode]
[--kilobytes] [--numeric-uid-gid] [--no-group] [--hide-
control-chars] [--reverse] [--size] [--width=cols] [--tab-
size=cols] [--almost-all] [--ignore-backups] [--classify]
[--file-type] [--full-time] [--ignore=pattern] [--derefer-
ence] [--literal] [--quote-name] [--recursive]
[--sort={none,time,size,extension}] [--format={long,ver-
bose,commas,across,vertical,single-column}]
[--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] [--help] [--ver-
sion] [--color[={yes,no,tty}]] [--colour[={yes,no,tty}]]
[name...]
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
This documentation is no longer being maintained and may
be inaccurate or incomplete. The Texinfo documentation is
now the authoritative source.
This manual page documents the GNU version of llss. ddiirr and
vvddiirr are versions of llss with different default output for-
mats. These programs list each given file or directory
name. Directory contents are sorted alphabetically. For
llss, files are by default listed in columns, sorted verti-
cally, if the standard output is a terminal; otherwise
they are listed one per line. For ddiirr, files are by
default listed in columns, sorted vertically. For vvddiirr,
files are by default listed in long format.
OOPPTTIIOONNSS
_-_a_, _-_-_a_l_l
List all files in directories, including all files
that start with `.'.
_-_b_, _-_-_e_s_c_a_p_e
Quote nongraphic characters in file names using
alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those
used in C.
_-_c_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_c_t_i_m_e_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_s_t_a_t_u_s
Sort directory contents according to the files'
status change time instead of the modification
time. If the long listing format is being used,
print the status change time instead of the modifi-
cation time.
_-_d_, _-_-_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y
List directories like other files, rather than
listing their contents.
_-_f Do not sort directory contents; list them in
FSF GNU File Utilities 1
LS(1) LS(1)
whatever order they are stored on the disk. The
same as enabling _-_a and _-_U and disabling _-_l_, _-_s_,
and _-_t_.
_-_-_f_u_l_l_-_t_i_m_e
List times in full, rather than using the standard
abbreviation heuristics.
_-_g Ignored; for Unix compatibility.
_-_i_, _-_-_i_n_o_d_e
Print the index number of each file to the left of
the file name.
_-_k_, _-_-_k_i_l_o_b_y_t_e_s
If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilo-
bytes. This overrides the environment variable
POSIXLY_CORRECT.
_-_l_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_l_o_n_g_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_v_e_r_b_o_s_e
In addition to the name of each file, print the
file type, permissions, number of hard links, owner
name, group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the
modification time unless other times are selected).
For files with a time that is more than 6 months
old or more than 1 hour into the future, the times-
tamp contains the year instead of the time of day.
_-_m_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_c_o_m_m_a_s
List files horizontally, with as many as will fit
on each line, separated by commas.
_-_n_, _-_-_n_u_m_e_r_i_c_-_u_i_d_-_g_i_d
List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.
_-_p Append a character to each file name indicating the
file type.
_-_q_, _-_-_h_i_d_e_-_c_o_n_t_r_o_l_-_c_h_a_r_s
Print question marks instead of nongraphic charac-
ters in file names.
_-_r_, _-_-_r_e_v_e_r_s_e
Sort directory contents in reverse order.
_-_s_, _-_-_s_i_z_e
Print the size of each file in 1K blocks to the
left of the file name. If the environment variable
POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, 512-byte blocks are used
instead.
_-_t_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_t_i_m_e
Sort directory contents by timestamp instead of
alphabetically, with the newest files listed first.
FSF GNU File Utilities 2
LS(1) LS(1)
_-_u_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_a_t_i_m_e_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_a_c_c_e_s_s_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_u_s_e
Sort directory contents according to the files'
last access time instead of the modification time.
If the long listing format is being used, print the
last access time instead of the modification time.
_-_x_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_a_c_r_o_s_s_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_h_o_r_i_z_o_n_t_a_l
List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.
_-_A_, _-_-_a_l_m_o_s_t_-_a_l_l
List all files in directories, except for `.' and
`..'.
_-_B_, _-_-_i_g_n_o_r_e_-_b_a_c_k_u_p_s
Do not list files that end with `~', unless they
are given on the command line.
_-_C_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_v_e_r_t_i_c_a_l
List files in columns, sorted vertically.
_-_F_, _-_-_c_l_a_s_s_i_f_y
Append a character to each file name indicating the
file type. For regular files that are executable,
append a `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for
directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs,
`=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files.
_-_G_, _-_-_n_o_-_g_r_o_u_p
Inhibit display of group information in a long for-
mat directory listing.
_-_L_, _-_-_d_e_r_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e
List the files linked to by symbolic links instead
of listing the contents of the links.
_-_N_, _-_-_l_i_t_e_r_a_l
Do not quote file names.
_-_Q_, _-_-_q_u_o_t_e_-_n_a_m_e
Enclose file names in double quotes and quote non-
graphic characters as in C.
_-_R_, _-_-_r_e_c_u_r_s_i_v_e
List the contents of all directories recursively.
_-_S_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_s_i_z_e
Sort directory contents by file size instead of
alphabetically, with the largest files listed
first.
_-_U_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_n_o_n_e
Do not sort directory contents; list them in what-
ever order they are stored on the disk. This
option is not called _-_f because the Unix llss _-_f
FSF GNU File Utilities 3
LS(1) LS(1)
option also enables _-_a and disables _-_l, _-_s, and _-_t.
It seems useless and ugly to group those unrelated
things together in one option. Since this option
doesn't do that, it has a different name.
_-_X_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_e_x_t_e_n_s_i_o_n
Sort directory contents alphabetically by file
extension (characters after the last `.'); files
with no extension are sorted first.
_-_1_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_s_i_n_g_l_e_-_c_o_l_u_m_n
List one file per line.
_-_w_, _-_-_w_i_d_t_h _c_o_l_s
Assume the screen is _c_o_l_s columns wide. The
default is taken from the terminal driver if possi-
ble; otherwise the environment variable CCOOLLUUMMNNSS is
used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.
_-_T_, _-_-_t_a_b_s_i_z_e _c_o_l_s
Assume that each tabstop is _c_o_l_s columns wide. The
default is 8.
_-_I_, _-_-_i_g_n_o_r_e _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
Do not list files whose names match the shell pat-
tern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n unless they are given on the command
line. As in the shell, an initial `.' in a file-
name does not match a wildcard at the start of _p_a_t_-
_t_e_r_n_.
_-_-_c_o_l_o_r_, _-_-_c_o_l_o_u_r_, _-_-_c_o_l_o_r_=_y_e_s_, _-_-_c_o_l_o_u_r_=_y_e_s
Colorize the names of files depending on the type
of file. See DDIISSPPLLAAYY CCOOLLOORRIIZZAATTIIOONN below.
_-_-_c_o_l_o_r_=_t_t_y_, _-_-_c_o_l_o_u_r_=_t_t_y
Same as _-_-_c_o_l_o_r but only if standard output is a
terminal. This is very useful for shell scripts
and command aliases, especially if your favorite
pager does not support color control codes.
_-_-_c_o_l_o_r_=_n_o_, _-_-_c_o_l_o_u_r_=_n_o
Disables colorization. This is the default. Pro-
vided to override a previous color option.
_-_-_h_e_l_p Print a usage message on standard output and exit
successfully.
_-_-_v_e_r_s_i_o_n
Print version information on standard output then
exit successfully.
DDIISSPPLLAAYY CCOOLLOORRIIZZAATTIIOONN
When using the _-_-_c_o_l_o_r option, this version of llss will
colorize the file names printed according to the name and
FSF GNU File Utilities 4
LS(1) LS(1)
type of file. By default, this colorization is by type
only, and the codes used are ISO 6429 (ANSI) compliant.
You can override the default colors by defining the envi-
ronment variable LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS (or LLSS__CCOOLLOOUURRSS). The format of
this variable is reminicent of the termcap(5) file format;
a colon-separated list of expressions of the form
"xx=string", where "xx" is a two-character variable name.
The variables with their associated defaults are:
nnoo 0 Normal (non-filename) text
ffii 0 Regular file
ddii 32 Directory
llnn 36 Symbolic link
ppii 31 Named pipe (FIFO)
ssoo 33 Socket
bbdd 44;37 Block device
ccdd 44;37 Character device
eexx 35 Executable file
mmii (none) Missing file (defaults to fi)
oorr (none) Orphanned symbolic link (defaults to ln)
llcc \e[ Left code
rrcc m Right code
eecc (none) End code (replaces lc+no+rc)
You only need to include the variables you want to change
from the default.
File names can also be colorized based on filename exten-
sion. This is specified in the LS_COLORS variable using
the syntax "*ext=string". For example, using ISO 6429
codes, to color all C-language source files blue you would
specify "*.c=34". This would color all files ending in .c
in blue (34) color.
Control characters can be written either in C-style
\-escaped notation, or in ssttttyy-like ^-notation. The C-
style notation adds \e for Escape, \_ for a normal space
characer, and \? for Delete. In addition, the \ escape
character can be used to override the default interpreta-
tion of \, ^, : and =.
Each file will be written as <lc> <color code> <rc> <file-
name> <ec>. If the <ec> code is undefined, the sequence
<lc> <no> <rc> will be used instead. This is generally
more convenient to use, but less general. The left, right
and end codes are provided so you don't have to type com-
mon parts over and over again and to support weird termi-
nals; you will generally not need to change them at all
unless your terminal does not use ISO 6429 color sequences
but a different system.
If your terminal does use ISO 6429 color codes, you can
compose the type codes (i.e. all except the llcc, rrcc, and eecc
FSF GNU File Utilities 5
LS(1) LS(1)
codes) from numerical commands separated by semicolons.
The most common commands are:
0 to restore default color
1 for brighter colors
4 for underlined text
5 for flashing text
30 for black foreground
31 for red foreground
32 for green foreground
33 for yellow (or brown) foreground
34 for blue foreground
35 for purple foreground
36 for cyan foreground
37 for white (or gray) foreground
40 for black background
41 for red background
42 for green background
43 for yellow (or brown) background
44 for blue background
45 for purple background
46 for cyan background
47 for white (or gray) background
Not all commands will work on all systems or display
devices.
A few terminal programs do not recognize the default end
code properly. If all text gets colorized after you do a
directory listing, try changing the nnoo and ffii codes from 0
to the numerical codes for your standard fore- and back-
ground colors.
BBUUGGSS
On BSD systems, the _-_s option reports sizes that are half
the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-
UX systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are
twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted
from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also
affects the HP-UX llss program.
If there was a single standard for the English language it
would not be necessary to support redundant spellings.
FSF GNU File Utilities 6
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