Next: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
acos, acosf—arc cosineacosh, acoshf—inverse hyperbolic cosineasin, asinf—arc sineasinh, asinhf—inverse hyperbolic sineatan, atanf—arc tangentatan2, atan2f—arc tangent of y/xatanh, atanhf—inverse hyperbolic tangentjN, jNf, yN, yNf—Bessel functionscbrt, cbrtf—cube rootcopysign, copysignf—sign of y, magnitude of xcosh, coshf—hyperbolic cosineerf, erff, erfc, erfcf—error functionexp, expf—exponentialexp10, exp10f—exponential, base 10exp2, exp2f—exponential, base 2expm1, expm1f—exponential minus 1fabs, fabsf—absolute value (magnitude)fdim, fdimf—positive differencefloor, floorf, ceil, ceilf—floor and ceilingfma, fmaf—floating multiply addfmax, fmaxf—maximumfmin, fminf—minimumfmod, fmodf—floating-point remainder (modulo)frexp, frexpf—split floating-point numbergamma, gammaf, lgamma, lgammaf, gamma_r, gammaf_r, lgamma_r, lgammaf_r, tgamma, and tgammaf—logarithmic and plain gamma functionshypot, hypotf—distance from originilogb, ilogbf—get exponent of floating-point numberinfinity, infinityf—representation of infinityisgreater, isgreaterequal, isless, islessequal, islessgreater, and isunordered—comparison macrosfpclassify, isfinite, isinf, isnan, and isnormal—floating-point classification macros; finite, finitef, isinf, isinff, isnan, isnanf—test for exceptional numbersldexp, ldexpf—load exponentlog, logf—natural logarithmslog10, log10f—base 10 logarithmslog1p, log1pf—log of 1 + xlog2, log2f—base 2 logarithmlogb, logbf—get exponent of floating-point numberlrint, lrintf, llrint, llrintf—round to integerlround, lroundf, llround, llroundf—round to integer, to nearestmodf, modff—split fractional and integer partsnan, nanf—representation of “Not a Number”nearbyint, nearbyintf—round to integernextafter, nextafterf—get next numberpow, powf—x to the power ypow10, pow10f—base 10 power functionsremainder, remainderf—round and remainderremquo, remquof—remainder and part of quotientrint, rintf—round to integerround, roundf—round to integer, to nearestscalbn, scalbnf, scalbln, scalblnf—scale by power of FLT_RADIX (=2)signbit—Does floating-point number have negative sign?sin, sinf, cos, cosf—sine or cosinesinh, sinhf—hyperbolic sinesqrt, sqrtf—positive square roottan, tanf—tangenttanh, tanhf—hyperbolic tangenttrunc, truncf—round to integer, towards zerocabs, cabsf, cabsl—complex absolute-valuecacos, cacosf—complex arc cosinecacosh, cacoshf—complex arc hyperbolic cosinecarg, cargf—argument (phase angle)casin, casinf—complex arc sinecasinh, casinhf—complex arc hyperbolic sinecatan, catanf—complex arc tangentcatanh, catanhf—complex arc hyperbolic tangentccos, ccosf—complex cosineccosh, ccoshf—complex hyperbolic cosinecexp, cexpf—complex base-e exponentialcimag, cimagf, cimagl—imaginary partclog, clogf—complex base-e logarithmclog10, clog10f—complex base-10 logarithmconj, conjf—complex conjugatecpow, cpowf—complex powercproj, cprojf— Riemann sphere projectioncreal, crealf, creall—real partcsin, csinf—complex sinecsinh, csinhf—complex hyperbolic sinecsqrt, csqrtf—complex square rootctan, ctanf—complex tangentctanh, ctanf—complex hyperbolic tangentfeclearexcept—clear floating-point exceptionfegetenv—get current floating-point environmentfegetexceptflag—get floating-point status flagsfegetround—get current rounding directionfeholdexcept—save current floating-point environmentferaiseexcept—raise floating-point exceptionfesetenv—set current floating-point environmentfesetexceptflag—set floating-point status flagsfesetround—set current rounding directionfetestexcept—test floating-point exception flagsfeupdateenv—update current floating-point environmentlibmlibmNext: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h), Previous: LIBM, Up: LIBM [Contents][Index]
This chapter groups a wide variety of mathematical functions. The corresponding definitions and declarations are in math.h. The definition of HUGE_VAL from math.h is of particular interest.
double is defined as
HUGE_VAL; this number is returned on overflow by many functions.
The macro HUGE_VALF is a corresponding value for float.
Alternative declarations of the mathematical functions, which exploit specific machine capabilities to operate faster—but generally have less error checking and may reflect additional limitations on some machines—are available when you include fastmath.h instead of math.h.
acos, acosf—arc cosineacosh, acoshf—inverse hyperbolic cosineasin, asinf—arc sineasinh, asinhf—inverse hyperbolic sineatan, atanf—arc tangentatan2, atan2f—arc tangent of y/xatanh, atanhf—inverse hyperbolic tangentjN, jNf, yN, yNf—Bessel functionscbrt, cbrtf—cube rootcopysign, copysignf—sign of y, magnitude of xcosh, coshf—hyperbolic cosineerf, erff, erfc, erfcf—error functionexp, expf—exponentialexp10, exp10f—exponential, base 10exp2, exp2f—exponential, base 2expm1, expm1f—exponential minus 1fabs, fabsf—absolute value (magnitude)fdim, fdimf—positive differencefloor, floorf, ceil, ceilf—floor and ceilingfma, fmaf—floating multiply addfmax, fmaxf—maximumfmin, fminf—minimumfmod, fmodf—floating-point remainder (modulo)frexp, frexpf—split floating-point numbergamma, gammaf, lgamma, lgammaf, gamma_r, gammaf_r, lgamma_r, lgammaf_r, tgamma, and tgammaf—logarithmic and plain gamma functionshypot, hypotf—distance from originilogb, ilogbf—get exponent of floating-point numberinfinity, infinityf—representation of infinityisgreater, isgreaterequal, isless, islessequal, islessgreater, and isunordered—comparison macrosfpclassify, isfinite, isinf, isnan, and isnormal—floating-point classification macros; finite, finitef, isinf, isinff, isnan, isnanf—test for exceptional numbersldexp, ldexpf—load exponentlog, logf—natural logarithmslog10, log10f—base 10 logarithmslog1p, log1pf—log of 1 + xlog2, log2f—base 2 logarithmlogb, logbf—get exponent of floating-point numberlrint, lrintf, llrint, llrintf—round to integerlround, lroundf, llround, llroundf—round to integer, to nearestmodf, modff—split fractional and integer partsnan, nanf—representation of “Not a Number”nearbyint, nearbyintf—round to integernextafter, nextafterf—get next numberpow, powf—x to the power ypow10, pow10f—base 10 power functionsremainder, remainderf—round and remainderremquo, remquof—remainder and part of quotientrint, rintf—round to integerround, roundf—round to integer, to nearestscalbn, scalbnf, scalbln, scalblnf—scale by power of FLT_RADIX (=2)signbit—Does floating-point number have negative sign?sin, sinf, cos, cosf—sine or cosinesinh, sinhf—hyperbolic sinesqrt, sqrtf—positive square roottan, tanf—tangenttanh, tanhf—hyperbolic tangenttrunc, truncf—round to integer, towards zeroThere are two different versions of the math library routines: IEEE
and POSIX. The version may be selected at runtime by
setting the global variable _LIB_VERSION, defined in
math.h. It may be set to one of the following constants defined
in math.h: _IEEE_ or _POSIX_.
The _LIB_VERSION variable is not specific to any
thread, and changing it will affect all threads.
The versions of the library differ only in the setting of errno.
In IEEE mode, errno is never set.
In POSIX mode, errno is set correctly.
The library is set to IEEE mode by default.
The majority of the floating-point math functions are written so as to produce the floating-point exceptions (e.g. "invalid", "divide-by-zero") as required by the C and POSIX standards, for floating-point implementations that support them. Newlib does not provide the floating-point exception access routines defined in the standards for fenv.h, though, which is why they are considered unsupported. It is mentioned in case you have separately-provided access routines so that you are aware that they can be caused.
Most of the individual function descriptions describe the standards to which each function complies. However, these descriptions are mostly out of date, having been written before C99 was released. One of these days we’ll get around to updating the rest of them. (If you’d like to help, please let us know.)
“C99” refers to ISO/IEC 9899:1999, “Programming languages–C”. “POSIX” refers to IEEE Standard 1003.1. POSIX® is a registered trademark of The IEEE.
Next: acosh, acoshf—inverse hyperbolic cosine, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
acos, acosf—arc cosineSynopsis
#include <math.h> double acos(double x); float acosf(float x);
Description
acos computes the inverse cosine (arc cosine) of the input value.
Arguments to acos must be in the range -1 to 1.
acosf is identical to acos, except that it performs
its calculations on floats.
Returns
acos and acosf return values in radians, in the range of 0 to pi.
If x is not between -1 and 1, the returned value is NaN
(not a number), and the global variable errno is set to EDOM.
Next: asin, asinf—arc sine, Previous: acos, acosf—arc cosine, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
acosh, acoshf—inverse hyperbolic cosineSynopsis
#include <math.h> double acosh(double x); float acoshf(float x);
Description
acosh calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.
acosh is defined as
log(x + sqrt(x*x-1))
x must be a number greater than or equal to 1.
acoshf is identical, other than taking and returning floats.
Returns
acosh and acoshf return the calculated value. If x
less than 1, the return value is NaN and errno is set to EDOM.
Portability
Neither acosh nor acoshf are ANSI C. They are not recommended
for portable programs.
Next: asinh, asinhf—inverse hyperbolic sine, Previous: acosh, acoshf—inverse hyperbolic cosine, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
asin, asinf—arc sineSynopsis
#include <math.h> double asin(double x); float asinf(float x);
Description
asin computes the inverse sine (arc sine) of the argument x.
Arguments to asin must be in the range -1 to 1.
asinf is identical to asin, other than taking and
returning floats.
Returns
asin returns values in radians, in the range of -pi/2 to pi/2.
If x is not in the range -1 to 1, asin and asinf
return NaN (not a number), and the global variable errno is set to
EDOM.
Next: atan, atanf—arc tangent, Previous: asin, asinf—arc sine, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
asinh, asinhf—inverse hyperbolic sineSynopsis
#include <math.h> double asinh(double x); float asinhf(float x);
Description
asinh calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.
asinh is defined as
sgn(x) * log(abs(x) + sqrt(1+x*x))
asinhf is identical, other than taking and returning floats.
Returns
asinh and asinhf return the calculated value.
Portability
Neither asinh nor asinhf are ANSI C.
Next: atan2, atan2f—arc tangent of y/x, Previous: asinh, asinhf—inverse hyperbolic sine, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
atan, atanf—arc tangentSynopsis
#include <math.h> double atan(double x); float atanf(float x);
Description
atan computes the inverse tangent (arc tangent) of the input value.
atanf is identical to atan, save that it operates on floats.
Returns
atan returns a value in radians, in the range of -pi/2 to pi/2.
Portability
atan is ANSI C. atanf is an extension.
Next: atanh, atanhf—inverse hyperbolic tangent, Previous: atan, atanf—arc tangent, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
atan2, atan2f—arc tangent of y/xSynopsis
#include <math.h> double atan2(double y,double x); float atan2f(float y,float x);
Description
atan2 computes the inverse tangent (arc tangent) of y/x.
atan2 produces the correct result even for angles near
pi/2 or -pi/2
(that is, when x is near 0).
atan2f is identical to atan2, save that it takes and returns
float.
Returns
atan2 and atan2f return a value in radians, in the range of
-pi to pi.
Portability
atan2 is ANSI C. atan2f is an extension.
Next: jN, jNf, yN, yNf—Bessel functions, Previous: atan2, atan2f—arc tangent of y/x, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
atanh, atanhf—inverse hyperbolic tangentSynopsis
#include <math.h> double atanh(double x); float atanhf(float x);
Description
atanh calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.
atanhf is identical, other than taking and returning
float values.
Returns
atanh and atanhf return the calculated value.
If
x|
is greater than 1, the global errno is set to EDOM and
the result is a NaN. A DOMAIN error is reported.
If
x|
is 1, the global errno is set to EDOM; and the result is
infinity with the same sign as x. A SING error is reported.
Portability
Neither atanh nor atanhf are ANSI C.
Next: cbrt, cbrtf—cube root, Previous: atanh, atanhf—inverse hyperbolic tangent, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
jN, jNf, yN, yNf—Bessel functionsSynopsis
#include <math.h> double j0(double x); float j0f(float x); double j1(double x); float j1f(float x); double jn(int n, double x); float jnf(int n, float x); double y0(double x); float y0f(float x); double y1(double x); float y1f(float x); double yn(int n, double x); float ynf(int n, float x);
Description
The Bessel functions are a family of functions that solve the
differential equation
2 2 2 x y'' + xy' + (x - p )y = 0
These functions have many applications in engineering and physics.
jn calculates the Bessel function of the first kind of order
n. j0 and j1 are special cases for order 0 and order
1 respectively.
Similarly, yn calculates the Bessel function of the second kind of
order n, and y0 and y1 are special cases for order 0 and
1.
jnf, j0f, j1f, ynf, y0f, and y1f perform the
same calculations, but on float rather than double values.
Returns
The value of each Bessel function at x is returned.
Portability
None of the Bessel functions are in ANSI C.
Next: copysign, copysignf—sign of y, magnitude of x, Previous: jN, jNf, yN, yNf—Bessel functions, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
cbrt, cbrtf—cube rootSynopsis
#include <math.h> double cbrt(double x); float cbrtf(float x);
Description
cbrt computes the cube root of the argument.
Returns
The cube root is returned.
Portability
cbrt is in System V release 4. cbrtf is an extension.
Next: cosh, coshf—hyperbolic cosine, Previous: cbrt, cbrtf—cube root, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
copysign, copysignf—sign of y, magnitude of xSynopsis
#include <math.h> double copysign (double x, double y); float copysignf (float x, float y);
Description
copysign constructs a number with the magnitude (absolute value)
of its first argument, x, and the sign of its second argument,
y.
copysignf does the same thing; the two functions differ only in
the type of their arguments and result.
Returns
copysign returns a double with the magnitude of
x and the sign of y.
copysignf returns a float with the magnitude of
x and the sign of y.
Portability
copysign is not required by either ANSI C or the System V Interface
Definition (Issue 2).
Next: erf, erff, erfc, erfcf—error function, Previous: copysign, copysignf—sign of y, magnitude of x, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
cosh, coshf—hyperbolic cosineSynopsis
#include <math.h> double cosh(double x); float coshf(float x);
Description
cosh computes the hyperbolic cosine of the argument x.
cosh(x) is defined as
(exp(x) + exp(-x))/2
Angles are specified in radians.
coshf is identical, save that it takes and returns float.
Returns
The computed value is returned. When the correct value would create
an overflow, cosh returns the value HUGE_VAL with the
appropriate sign, and the global value errno is set to ERANGE.
Portability
cosh is ANSI.
coshf is an extension.
Next: exp, expf—exponential, Previous: cosh, coshf—hyperbolic cosine, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
erf, erff, erfc, erfcf—error functionSynopsis
#include <math.h> double erf(double x); float erff(float x); double erfc(double x); float erfcf(float x);
Description
erf calculates an approximation to the “error function”,
which estimates the probability that an observation will fall within
x standard deviations of the mean (assuming a normal
distribution).
erfc calculates the complementary probability; that is,
erfc(x) is 1 - erf(x). erfc is computed directly,
so that you can use it to avoid the loss of precision that would
result from subtracting large probabilities (on large x) from 1.
erff and erfcf differ from erf and erfc only in the
argument and result types.
Returns
For positive arguments, erf and all its variants return a
probability—a number between 0 and 1.
Portability
None of the variants of erf are ANSI C.
Next: exp10, exp10f—exponential, base 10, Previous: erf, erff, erfc, erfcf—error function, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
exp, expf—exponentialSynopsis
#include <math.h> double exp(double x); float expf(float x);
Description
exp and expf calculate the exponential of x, that is,
e raised to the power x (where e
is the base of the natural system of logarithms, approximately 2.71828).
Returns
On success, exp and expf return the calculated value.
If the result underflows, the returned value is 0. If the
result overflows, the returned value is HUGE_VAL. In
either case, errno is set to ERANGE.
Portability
exp is ANSI C. expf is an extension.
Next: exp2, exp2f—exponential, base 2, Previous: exp, expf—exponential, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
exp10, exp10f—exponential, base 10Synopsis
#include <math.h> double exp10(double x); float exp10f(float x);
Description
exp10 and exp10f calculate 10 ^ x, that is,
10 raised to the power x.
Returns
On success, exp10 and exp10f return the calculated value.
If the result underflows, the returned value is 0. If the
result overflows, the returned value is HUGE_VAL. In
either case, errno is set to ERANGE.
Portability
exp10 and exp10f are GNU extensions.
Next: expm1, expm1f—exponential minus 1, Previous: exp10, exp10f—exponential, base 10, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
exp2, exp2f—exponential, base 2Synopsis
#include <math.h> double exp2(double x); float exp2f(float x);
Description
exp2 and exp2f calculate 2 ^ x, that is,
2 raised to the power x.
Returns
On success, exp2 and exp2f return the calculated value.
If the result underflows, the returned value is 0. If the
result overflows, the returned value is HUGE_VAL. In
either case, errno is set to ERANGE.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX.
Next: fabs, fabsf—absolute value (magnitude), Previous: exp2, exp2f—exponential, base 2, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
expm1, expm1f—exponential minus 1Synopsis
#include <math.h> double expm1(double x); float expm1f(float x);
Description
expm1 and expm1f calculate the exponential of x
and subtract 1, that is,
e raised to the power x minus 1 (where e
is the base of the natural system of logarithms, approximately
2.71828). The result is accurate even for small values of
x, where using exp(x)-1 would lose many
significant digits.
Returns
e raised to the power x, minus 1.
Portability
Neither expm1 nor expm1f is required by ANSI C or by
the System V Interface Definition (Issue 2).
Next: fdim, fdimf—positive difference, Previous: expm1, expm1f—exponential minus 1, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
fabs, fabsf—absolute value (magnitude)Synopsis
#include <math.h> double fabs(double x); float fabsf(float x);
Description
fabs and fabsf calculate
the absolute value (magnitude) of the argument x, by direct
manipulation of the bit representation of x.
Returns
The calculated value is returned. No errors are detected.
Portability
fabs is ANSI.
fabsf is an extension.
Next: floor, floorf, ceil, ceilf—floor and ceiling, Previous: fabs, fabsf—absolute value (magnitude), Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
fdim, fdimf—positive differenceSynopsis
#include <math.h> double fdim(double x, double y); float fdimf(float x, float y);
Description
The fdim functions determine the positive difference between their
arguments, returning:
x - y if x > y, or
+0 if x <= y, or
NAN if either argument is NAN.
A range error may occur.
Returns
The fdim functions return the positive difference value.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX.
Next: fma, fmaf—floating multiply add, Previous: fdim, fdimf—positive difference, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
floor, floorf, ceil, ceilf—floor and ceilingSynopsis
#include <math.h> double floor(double x); float floorf(float x); double ceil(double x); float ceilf(float x);
Description
floor and floorf find
the nearest integer less than or equal to x.
ceil and ceilf find
the nearest integer greater than or equal to x.
Returns
floor and ceil return the integer result as a double.
floorf and ceilf return the integer result as a float.
Portability
floor and ceil are ANSI.
floorf and ceilf are extensions.
Next: fmax, fmaxf—maximum, Previous: floor, floorf, ceil, ceilf—floor and ceiling, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
fma, fmaf—floating multiply addSynopsis
#include <math.h> double fma(double x, double y, double z); float fmaf(float x, float y, float z);
Description
The fma functions compute (x * y) + z, rounded as one ternary
operation: they compute the value (as if) to infinite precision and round once
to the result format, according to the rounding mode characterized by the value
of FLT_ROUNDS. That is, they are supposed to do this: see below.
Returns
The fma functions return (x * y) + z, rounded as one ternary
operation.
Bugs
This implementation does not provide the function that it should, purely
returning "(x * y) + z;" with no attempt at all to provide the
simulated infinite precision intermediates which are required. DO NOT USE THEM.
If double has enough more precision than float, then fmaf should provide
the expected numeric results, as it does use double for the calculation. But
since this is not the case for all platforms, this manual cannot determine
if it is so for your case.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX.
Next: fmin, fminf—minimum, Previous: fma, fmaf—floating multiply add, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
fmax, fmaxf—maximumSynopsis
#include <math.h> double fmax(double x, double y); float fmaxf(float x, float y);
Description
The fmax functions determine the maximum numeric value of their arguments.
NaN arguments are treated as missing data: if one argument is a NaN and the
other numeric, then the fmax functions choose the numeric value.
Returns
The fmax functions return the maximum numeric value of their arguments.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX.
Next: fmod, fmodf—floating-point remainder (modulo), Previous: fmax, fmaxf—maximum, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
fmin, fminf—minimumSynopsis
#include <math.h> double fmin(double x, double y); float fminf(float x, float y);
Description
The fmin functions determine the minimum numeric value of their arguments.
NaN arguments are treated as missing data: if one argument is a NaN and the
other numeric, then the fmin functions choose the numeric value.
Returns
The fmin functions return the minimum numeric value of their arguments.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX.
Next: frexp, frexpf—split floating-point number, Previous: fmin, fminf—minimum, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
fmod, fmodf—floating-point remainder (modulo)Synopsis
#include <math.h> double fmod(double x, double y); float fmodf(float x, float y);
Description
The fmod and fmodf functions compute the floating-point
remainder of x/y (x modulo y).
Returns
The fmod function returns the value
x-i*y,
for the largest integer i such that, if y is nonzero, the
result has the same sign as x and magnitude less than the
magnitude of y.
fmod(x,0) returns NaN, and sets errno to EDOM.
Portability
fmod is ANSI C. fmodf is an extension.
Next: gamma, gammaf, lgamma, lgammaf, gamma_r, gammaf_r, lgamma_r, lgammaf_r, tgamma, and tgammaf—logarithmic and plain gamma functions, Previous: fmod, fmodf—floating-point remainder (modulo), Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
frexp, frexpf—split floating-point numberSynopsis
#include <math.h> double frexp(double val, int *exp); float frexpf(float val, int *exp);
Description
All nonzero, normal numbers can be described as m * 2**p.
frexp represents the double val as a mantissa m
and a power of two p. The resulting mantissa will always
be greater than or equal to 0.5, and less than 1.0 (as
long as val is nonzero). The power of two will be stored
in *exp.
m and p are calculated so that
val is m times 2 to the power p.
frexpf is identical, other than taking and returning
floats rather than doubles.
Returns
frexp returns the mantissa m. If val is 0, infinity,
or Nan, frexp will set *exp to 0 and return val.
Portability
frexp is ANSI.
frexpf is an extension.
Next: hypot, hypotf—distance from origin, Previous: frexp, frexpf—split floating-point number, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
gamma, gammaf, lgamma, lgammaf, gamma_r, gammaf_r, lgamma_r, lgammaf_r, tgamma, and tgammaf—logarithmic and plain gamma functionsSynopsis
#include <math.h> double gamma(double x); float gammaf(float x); double lgamma(double x); float lgammaf(float x); double gamma_r(double x, int *signgamp); float gammaf_r(float x, int *signgamp); double lgamma_r(double x, int *signgamp); float lgammaf_r(float x, int *signgamp); double tgamma(double x); float tgammaf(float x);
Description
gamma calculates
the natural logarithm of the gamma function of x. The gamma function
(exp(gamma(x))) is a generalization of factorial, and retains
the property that
exp(gamma(N)) is equivalent to N*exp(gamma(N-1)).
Accordingly, the results of the gamma function itself grow very
quickly. gamma is defined as
the natural log of the gamma function, rather than the gamma function
itself,
to extend the useful range of results representable.
The sign of the result is returned in the global variable signgam,
which is declared in math.h.
gammaf performs the same calculation as gamma, but uses and
returns float values.
lgamma and lgammaf are alternate names for gamma and
gammaf. The use of lgamma instead of gamma is a reminder
that these functions compute the log of the gamma function, rather
than the gamma function itself.
The functions gamma_r, gammaf_r, lgamma_r, and
lgammaf_r are just like gamma, gammaf, lgamma, and
lgammaf, respectively, but take an additional argument. This
additional argument is a pointer to an integer. This additional
argument is used to return the sign of the result, and the global
variable signgam is not used. These functions may be used for
reentrant calls (but they will still set the global variable errno
if an error occurs).
tgamma and tgammaf are the "true gamma" functions, returning
the gamma function of x–without a logarithm.
(They are apparently so named because of the prior existence of the old,
poorly-named gamma functions which returned the log of gamma up
through BSD 4.2.)
Returns
Normally, the computed result is returned.
When x is a nonpositive integer, gamma returns HUGE_VAL
and errno is set to EDOM. If the result overflows, gamma
returns HUGE_VAL and errno is set to ERANGE.
Portability
Neither gamma nor gammaf is ANSI C. It is better not to use either
of these; use lgamma or tgamma instead.
lgamma, lgammaf, tgamma, and tgammaf are nominally C standard
in terms of the base return values, although the signgam global for
lgamma is not standard.
Next: ilogb, ilogbf—get exponent of floating-point number, Previous: gamma, gammaf, lgamma, lgammaf, gamma_r, gammaf_r, lgamma_r, lgammaf_r, tgamma, and tgammaf—logarithmic and plain gamma functions, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
hypot, hypotf—distance from originSynopsis
#include <math.h> double hypot(double x, double y); float hypotf(float x, float y);
Description
hypot calculates the Euclidean distance
sqrt(x*x + y*y)
between the origin (0,0) and a point represented by the
Cartesian coordinates (x,y). hypotf differs only
in the type of its arguments and result.
Returns
Normally, the distance value is returned. On overflow,
hypot returns HUGE_VAL and sets errno to
ERANGE.
Portability
hypot and hypotf are not ANSI C.
Next: infinity, infinityf—representation of infinity, Previous: hypot, hypotf—distance from origin, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
ilogb, ilogbf—get exponent of floating-point numberSynopsis
#include <math.h> int ilogb(double val); int ilogbf(float val);
Description
All nonzero, normal numbers can be described as m *
2**p. ilogb and ilogbf examine the argument
val, and return p. The functions frexp and
frexpf are similar to ilogb and ilogbf, but also
return m.
Returns
ilogb and ilogbf return the power of two used to form the
floating-point argument.
If val is 0, they return FP_ILOGB0.
If val is infinite, they return INT_MAX.
If val is NaN, they return FP_ILOGBNAN.
(FP_ILOGB0 and FP_ILOGBNAN are defined in math.h, but in turn are
defined as INT_MIN or INT_MAX from limits.h. The value of FP_ILOGB0 may be
either INT_MIN or -INT_MAX. The value of FP_ILOGBNAN may be either INT_MAX or
INT_MIN.)
Portability
C99, POSIX
Next: isgreater, isgreaterequal, isless, islessequal, islessgreater, and isunordered—comparison macros, Previous: ilogb, ilogbf—get exponent of floating-point number, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
infinity, infinityf—representation of infinitySynopsis
#include <math.h> double infinity(void); float infinityf(void);
Description
infinity and infinityf return the special number IEEE
infinity in double- and single-precision arithmetic
respectively.
Portability
infinity and infinityf are neither standard C nor POSIX. C and
POSIX require macros HUGE_VAL and HUGE_VALF to be defined in math.h, which
Newlib defines to be infinities corresponding to these archaic infinity()
and infinityf() functions in floating-point implementations which do have
infinities.
Next: fpclassify, isfinite, isinf, isnan, and isnormal—floating-point classification macros; finite, finitef, isinf, isinff, isnan, isnanf—test for exceptional numbers, Previous: infinity, infinityf—representation of infinity, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
isgreater, isgreaterequal, isless, islessequal, islessgreater, and isunordered—comparison macrosSynopsis
#include <math.h> int isgreater(real-floating x, real-floating y); int isgreaterequal(real-floating x, real-floating y); int isless(real-floating x, real-floating y); int islessequal(real-floating x, real-floating y); int islessgreater(real-floating x, real-floating y); int isunordered(real-floating x, real-floating y);
Description
isgreater, isgreaterequal, isless, islessequal,
islessgreater, and isunordered are macros defined for use in
comparing floating-point numbers without raising any floating-point
exceptions.
The relational operators (i.e. <, >, <=, and >=) support the usual mathematical relationships between numeric values. For any ordered pair of numeric values exactly one of the relationships–less, greater, and equal–is true. Relational operators may raise the "invalid" floating-point exception when argument values are NaNs. For a NaN and a numeric value, or for two NaNs, just the unordered relationship is true (i.e., if one or both of the arguments a NaN, the relationship is called unordered). The specified macros are quiet (non floating-point exception raising) versions of the relational operators, and other comparison macros that facilitate writing efficient code that accounts for NaNs without suffering the "invalid" floating-point exception. In the synopses shown, "real-floating" indicates that the argument is an expression of real floating type.
Please note that saying that the macros do not raise floating-point exceptions, it is referring to the function that they are performing. It is certainly possible to give them an expression which causes an exception. For example:
NaN < 1.0causes an "invalid" exception,
isless(NaN, 1.0)does not, and
isless(NaN*0., 1.0)causes an exception due to the "NaN*0.", but not from the resultant reduced comparison of isless(NaN, 1.0).
Returns
No floating-point exceptions are raised for any of the macros.
The isgreater macro returns the value of (x) > (y).
The isgreaterequal macro returns the value of (x) >= (y).
The isless macro returns the value of (x) < (y).
The islessequal macro returns the value of (x) <= (y).
The islessgreater macro returns the value of (x) < (y) || (x) > (y).
The isunordered macro returns 1 if either of its arguments is NaN and 0 otherwise.
Portability
C99, POSIX.
Next: ldexp, ldexpf—load exponent, Previous: isgreater, isgreaterequal, isless, islessequal, islessgreater, and isunordered—comparison macros, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
fpclassify, isfinite, isinf, isnan, and isnormal—floating-point classification macros; finite, finitef, isinf, isinff, isnan, isnanf—test for exceptional numbersSynopsis
[C99 standard macros:] #include <math.h> int fpclassify(real-floating x); int isfinite(real-floating x); int isinf(real-floating x); int isnan(real-floating x); int isnormal(real-floating x); [Archaic SUSv2 functions:] #include <math.h> int isnan(double arg); int isinf(double arg); int finite(double arg); int isnanf(float arg); int isinff(float arg); int finitef(float arg);
Description
fpclassify, isfinite, isinf, isnan, and isnormal are macros
defined for use in classifying floating-point numbers. This is a help because
of special "values" like NaN and infinities. In the synopses shown,
"real-floating" indicates that the argument is an expression of real floating
type. These function-like macros are C99 and POSIX-compliant, and should be
used instead of the now-archaic SUSv2 functions.
The fpclassify macro classifies its argument value as NaN, infinite, normal,
subnormal, zero, or into another implementation-defined category. First, an
argument represented in a format wider than its semantic type is converted to
its semantic type. Then classification is based on the type of the argument.
The fpclassify macro returns the value of the number classification macro
appropriate to the value of its argument:
FP_INFINITEx is either plus or minus infinity;
FP_NANx is "Not A Number" (plus or minus);
FP_NORMALx is a "normal" number (i.e. is none of the other special forms);
FP_SUBNORMALx is too small be stored as a regular normalized number (i.e. loss of precision is likely); or
FP_ZEROx is 0 (either plus or minus).
The "is" set of macros provide a useful set of shorthand ways for
classifying floating-point numbers, providing the following equivalent
relations:
isfinite(x)returns non-zero if x is finite. (It is equivalent to
(fpclassify(x) != FP_INFINITE && fpclassify(x) != FP_NAN).)
isinf(x)returns non-zero if x is infinite. (It is equivalent to
(fpclassify(x) == FP_INFINITE).)
isnan(x)returns non-zero if x is NaN. (It is equivalent to
(fpclassify(x) == FP_NAN).)
isnormal(x)returns non-zero if x is normal. (It is equivalent to
(fpclassify(x) == FP_NORMAL).)
The archaic SUSv2 functions provide information on the floating-point argument supplied.
There are five major number formats ("exponent" referring to the biased exponent in the binary-encoded number):
zeroA number which contains all zero bits, excluding the sign bit.
subnormalA number with a zero exponent but a nonzero fraction.
normalA number with an exponent and a fraction.
infinityA number with an all 1’s exponent and a zero fraction.
NANA number with an all 1’s exponent and a nonzero fraction.
isnan returns 1 if the argument is a nan. isinf
returns 1 if the argument is infinity. finite returns 1 if the
argument is zero, subnormal or normal.
The isnanf, isinff and finitef functions perform the same
operations as their isnan, isinf and finite
counterparts, but on single-precision floating-point numbers.
It should be noted that the C99 standard dictates that isnan
and isinf are macros that operate on multiple types of
floating-point. The SUSv2 standard declares isnan as
a function taking double. Newlib has decided to declare
them both as functions and as macros in math.h to
maintain backward compatibility.
Returns
The fpclassify macro returns the value corresponding to the appropriate FP_ macro.
The isfinite macro returns nonzero if x is finite, else 0.
The isinf macro returns nonzero if x is infinite, else 0.
The isnan macro returns nonzero if x is an NaN, else 0.
The isnormal macro returns nonzero if x has a normal value, else 0.
Portability
math.h macros are C99, POSIX.1-2001.
The functions originate from BSD; isnan was listed in the X/Open Portability Guide and Single Unix Specification, but was dropped when the macro was standardized in POSIX.1-2001.
Next: log, logf—natural logarithms, Previous: fpclassify, isfinite, isinf, isnan, and isnormal—floating-point classification macros; finite, finitef, isinf, isinff, isnan, isnanf—test for exceptional numbers, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
ldexp, ldexpf—load exponentSynopsis
#include <math.h> double ldexp(double val, int exp); float ldexpf(float val, int exp);
Description
ldexp calculates the value
val times 2 to the power exp.
ldexpf is identical, save that it takes and returns float
rather than double values.
Returns
ldexp returns the calculated value.
Underflow and overflow both set errno to ERANGE.
On underflow, ldexp and ldexpf return 0.0.
On overflow, ldexp returns plus or minus HUGE_VAL.
Portability
ldexp is ANSI. ldexpf is an extension.
Next: log10, log10f—base 10 logarithms, Previous: ldexp, ldexpf—load exponent, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
log, logf—natural logarithmsSynopsis
#include <math.h> double log(double x); float logf(float x);
Description
Return the natural logarithm of x, that is, its logarithm base e
(where e is the base of the natural system of logarithms, 2.71828…).
log and logf are identical save for the return and argument types.
Returns
Normally, returns the calculated value. When x is zero, the
returned value is -HUGE_VAL and errno is set to ERANGE.
When x is negative, the returned value is NaN (not a number) and
errno is set to EDOM.
Portability
log is ANSI. logf is an extension.
Next: log1p, log1pf—log of 1 + x, Previous: log, logf—natural logarithms, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
log10, log10f—base 10 logarithmsSynopsis
#include <math.h> double log10(double x); float log10f(float x);
Description
log10 returns the base 10 logarithm of x.
It is implemented as log(x) / log(10).
log10f is identical, save that it takes and returns float values.
Returns
log10 and log10f return the calculated value.
See the description of log for information on errors.
Portability
log10 is ANSI C. log10f is an extension.
Next: log2, log2f—base 2 logarithm, Previous: log10, log10f—base 10 logarithms, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
log1p, log1pf—log of 1 + xSynopsis
#include <math.h> double log1p(double x); float log1pf(float x);
Description
log1p calculates
the natural logarithm of 1+x. You can use log1p rather
than ‘log(1+x)’ for greater precision when x is very
small.
log1pf calculates the same thing, but accepts and returns
float values rather than double.
Returns
log1p returns a double, the natural log of 1+x.
log1pf returns a float, the natural log of 1+x.
Portability
Neither log1p nor log1pf is required by ANSI C or by the System V
Interface Definition (Issue 2).
Next: logb, logbf—get exponent of floating-point number, Previous: log1p, log1pf—log of 1 + x, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
log2, log2f—base 2 logarithmSynopsis
#include <math.h> double log2(double x); float log2f(float x);
Description
The log2 functions compute the base-2 logarithm of x. A domain error
occurs if the argument is less than zero. A range error occurs if the
argument is zero.
The Newlib implementations are not full, intrinisic calculations, but
rather are derivatives based on log. (Accuracy might be slightly off from
a direct calculation.) In addition to functions, they are also implemented as
macros defined in math.h:
#define log2(x) (log (x) / _M_LN2) #define log2f(x) (logf (x) / (float) _M_LN2)
To use the functions instead, just undefine the macros first.
Returns
The log2 functions return
log base-2(x)
on success.
When x is zero, the
returned value is -HUGE_VAL and errno is set to ERANGE.
When x is negative, the returned value is NaN (not a number) and
errno is set to EDOM.
Portability
C99, POSIX, System V Interface Definition (Issue 6).
Next: lrint, lrintf, llrint, llrintf—round to integer, Previous: log2, log2f—base 2 logarithm, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
logb, logbf—get exponent of floating-point numberSynopsis
#include <math.h> double logb(double x); float logbf(float x);
Description
The logb functions extract the exponent of x, as a signed integer value
in floating-point format. If x is subnormal it is treated as though it were
normalized; thus, for positive finite x,
1 <= (x * FLT_RADIX to the power (-logb(x))) < FLT_RADIX.
A domain error may occur if the argument is zero.
In this floating-point implementation, FLT_RADIX is 2. Which also means
that for finite x, logb(x) = floor(log2(fabs(x))).
All nonzero, normal numbers can be described as
m * 2**p, where 1.0 <= m < 2.0.
The logb functions examine the argument x, and return p.
The frexp functions are similar to the logb functions, but
returning m adjusted to the interval [.5, 1) or 0, and p+1.
Returns
When x is:
+inf or -inf, +inf is returned;
NaN, NaN is returned;
0, -inf is returned, and the divide-by-zero exception is raised;
otherwise, the logb functions return the signed exponent of x.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX
See Also
frexp, ilogb
Next: lround, lroundf, llround, llroundf—round to integer, to nearest, Previous: logb, logbf—get exponent of floating-point number, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
lrint, lrintf, llrint, llrintf—round to integerSynopsis
#include <math.h> long int lrint(double x); long int lrintf(float x); long long int llrint(double x); long long int llrintf(float x);
Description
The lrint and llrint functions round their argument to the nearest
integer value, using the current rounding direction. If the rounded value is
outside the range of the return type, the numeric result is unspecified. A
range error may occur if the magnitude of x is too large.
The "inexact" floating-point exception is raised in implementations that
support it when the result differs in value from the argument (i.e., when
a fraction actually has been truncated).
Returns
x rounded to an integral value, using the current rounding direction.
See Also
lround
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX
Next: modf, modff—split fractional and integer parts, Previous: lrint, lrintf, llrint, llrintf—round to integer, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
lround, lroundf, llround, llroundf—round to integer, to nearestSynopsis
#include <math.h> long int lround(double x); long int lroundf(float x); long long int llround(double x); long long int llroundf(float x);
Description
The lround and llround functions round their argument to the
nearest integer value, rounding halfway cases away from zero, regardless
of the current rounding direction. If the rounded value is outside the
range of the return type, the numeric result is unspecified (depending
upon the floating-point implementation, not the library). A range
error may occur if the magnitude of x is too large.
Returns
x rounded to an integral value as an integer.
See Also
See the round functions for the return being the same floating-point type
as the argument. lrint, llrint.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX
Next: nan, nanf—representation of “Not a Number”, Previous: lround, lroundf, llround, llroundf—round to integer, to nearest, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
modf, modff—split fractional and integer partsSynopsis
#include <math.h> double modf(double val, double *ipart); float modff(float val, float *ipart);
Description
modf splits the double val apart into an integer part
and a fractional part, returning the fractional part and
storing the integer part in *ipart. No rounding
whatsoever is done; the sum of the integer and fractional
parts is guaranteed to be exactly equal to val. That
is, if realpart = modf(val, &intpart); then
‘realpart+intpart’ is the same as val.
modff is identical, save that it takes and returns
float rather than double values.
Returns
The fractional part is returned. Each result has the same
sign as the supplied argument val.
Portability
modf is ANSI C. modff is an extension.
Next: nearbyint, nearbyintf—round to integer, Previous: modf, modff—split fractional and integer parts, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
nan, nanf—representation of “Not a Number”Synopsis
#include <math.h> double nan(const char *unused); float nanf(const char *unused);
Description
nan and nanf return an IEEE NaN (Not a Number) in
double- and single-precision arithmetic respectively. The
argument is currently disregarded.
Next: nextafter, nextafterf—get next number, Previous: nan, nanf—representation of “Not a Number”, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
nearbyint, nearbyintf—round to integerSynopsis
#include <math.h> double nearbyint(double x); float nearbyintf(float x);
Description
The nearbyint functions round their argument to an integer value in
floating-point format, using the current rounding direction and
(supposedly) without raising the "inexact" floating-point exception.
See the rint functions for the same function with the "inexact"
floating-point exception being raised when appropriate.
Bugs
Newlib does not support the floating-point exception model, so that
the floating-point exception control is not present and thereby what may
be seen will be compiler and hardware dependent in this regard.
The Newlib nearbyint functions are identical to the rint
functions with respect to the floating-point exception behavior, and
will cause the "inexact" exception to be raised for most targets.
Returns
x rounded to an integral value, using the current rounding direction.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX
See Also
rint, round
Next: pow, powf—x to the power y, Previous: nearbyint, nearbyintf—round to integer, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
nextafter, nextafterf—get next numberSynopsis
#include <math.h> double nextafter(double val, double dir); float nextafterf(float val, float dir);
Description
nextafter returns the double-precision floating-point number
closest to val in the direction toward dir. nextafterf
performs the same operation in single precision. For example,
nextafter(0.0,1.0) returns the smallest positive number which is
representable in double precision.
Returns
Returns the next closest number to val in the direction toward
dir.
Portability
Neither nextafter nor nextafterf is required by ANSI C
or by the System V Interface Definition (Issue 2).
Next: pow10, pow10f—base 10 power functions, Previous: nextafter, nextafterf—get next number, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
pow, powf—x to the power ySynopsis
#include <math.h> double pow(double x, double y); float powf(float x, float y);
Description
pow and powf calculate x raised to the exponent y.
Returns
On success, pow and powf return the value calculated.
When the argument values would produce overflow, pow
returns HUGE_VAL and set errno to ERANGE. If the
argument x passed to pow or powf is a negative
noninteger, and y is also not an integer, then errno
is set to EDOM. If x and y are both 0, then
pow and powf return 1.
Portability
pow is ANSI C. powf is an extension.
Next: remainder, remainderf—round and remainder, Previous: pow, powf—x to the power y, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
pow10, pow10f—base 10 power functionsSynopsis
#include <math.h> double pow10(double x); float pow10f(float x);
Description
pow10 and pow10f calculate 10 ^ x, that is,
10 raised to the power x.
Returns
On success, pow10 and pow10f return the calculated value.
If the result underflows, the returned value is 0. If the
result overflows, the returned value is HUGE_VAL. In
either case, errno is set to ERANGE.
Portability
pow10 and pow10f are GNU extensions.
Next: remquo, remquof—remainder and part of quotient, Previous: pow10, pow10f—base 10 power functions, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
remainder, remainderf—round and remainderSynopsis
#include <math.h> double remainder(double x, double y); float remainderf(float x, float y);
Description
remainder and remainderf find the remainder of
x/y; this value is in the range -y/2 .. +y/2.
Returns
remainder returns the integer result as a double.
Portability
remainder is a System V release 4.
remainderf is an extension.
Next: rint, rintf—round to integer, Previous: remainder, remainderf—round and remainder, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
remquo, remquof—remainder and part of quotientSynopsis
#include <math.h> double remquo(double x, double y, int *quo); float remquof(float x, float y, int *quo);
Description
The remquo functions compute the same remainder as the remainder
functions; this value is in the range -y/2 ... +y/2. In the object
pointed to by quo they store a value whose sign is the sign of x/y
and whose magnitude is congruent modulo 2**n to the magnitude of the integral
quotient of x/y. (That is, quo is given the n lsbs of the
quotient, not counting the sign.) This implementation uses n=31 if int is 32
bits or more, otherwise, n is 1 less than the width of int.
For example:
remquo(-29.0, 3.0, &quo)
returns -1.0 and sets quo=10, and
remquo(-98307.0, 3.0, &quo)
returns -0.0 and sets quo=-32769, although for 16-bit int, quo=-1. In the latter case, the actual quotient of -(32769=0x8001) is reduced to -1 because of the 15-bit limitation for the quotient.
Returns
When either argument is NaN, NaN is returned. If y is 0 or x is
infinite (and neither is NaN), a domain error occurs (i.e. the "invalid"
floating point exception is raised or errno is set to EDOM), and NaN is
returned.
Otherwise, the remquo functions return x REM y.
Bugs
IEEE754-2008 calls for remquo(subnormal, inf) to cause the "underflow"
floating-point exception. This implementation does not.
Portability
C99, POSIX.
Next: round, roundf—round to integer, to nearest, Previous: remquo, remquof—remainder and part of quotient, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
rint, rintf—round to integerSynopsis
#include <math.h> double rint(double x); float rintf(float x);
Description
The rint functions round their argument to an integer value in
floating-point format, using the current rounding direction. They
raise the "inexact" floating-point exception if the result differs
in value from the argument. See the nearbyint functions for the
same function with the "inexact" floating-point exception never being
raised. Newlib does not directly support floating-point exceptions.
The rint functions are written so that the "inexact" exception is
raised in hardware implementations that support it, even though Newlib
does not provide access.
Returns
x rounded to an integral value, using the current rounding direction.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX
See Also
nearbyint, round
Next: scalbn, scalbnf, scalbln, scalblnf—scale by power of FLT_RADIX (=2), Previous: rint, rintf—round to integer, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
round, roundf—round to integer, to nearestSynopsis
#include <math.h> double round(double x); float roundf(float x);
Description
The round functions round their argument to the nearest integer
value in floating-point format, rounding halfway cases away from zero,
regardless of the current rounding direction. (While the "inexact"
floating-point exception behavior is unspecified by the C standard, the
round functions are written so that "inexact" is not raised if the
result does not equal the argument, which behavior is as recommended by
IEEE 754 for its related functions.)
Returns
x rounded to an integral value.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX
See Also
nearbyint, rint
Next: signbit—Does floating-point number have negative sign?, Previous: round, roundf—round to integer, to nearest, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
scalbn, scalbnf, scalbln, scalblnf—scale by power of FLT_RADIX (=2)Synopsis
#include <math.h> double scalbn(double x, int n); float scalbnf(float x, int n); double scalbln(double x, long int n); float scalblnf(float x, long int n);
Description
The scalbn and scalbln functions compute
x times FLT_RADIX to the power n.
efficiently. The result is computed by manipulating the exponent, rather than
by actually performing an exponentiation or multiplication. In this
floating-point implementation FLT_RADIX=2, which makes the scalbn
functions equivalent to the ldexp functions.
Returns
x times 2 to the power n. A range error may occur.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX
See Also
ldexp
Next: sin, sinf, cos, cosf—sine or cosine, Previous: scalbn, scalbnf, scalbln, scalblnf—scale by power of FLT_RADIX (=2), Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
signbit—Does floating-point number have negative sign?Synopsis
#include <math.h> int signbit(real-floating x);
Description
The signbit macro determines whether the sign of its argument value is
negative. The macro reports the sign of all values, including infinities,
zeros, and NaNs. If zero is unsigned, it is treated as positive. As shown in
the synopsis, the argument is "real-floating," meaning that any of the real
floating-point types (float, double, etc.) may be given to it.
Note that because of the possibilities of signed 0 and NaNs, the expression
"x < 0.0" does not give the same result as signbit in all cases.
Returns
The signbit macro returns a nonzero value if and only if the sign of its
argument value is negative.
Portability
C99, POSIX.
Next: sinh, sinhf—hyperbolic sine, Previous: signbit—Does floating-point number have negative sign?, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
sin, sinf, cos, cosf—sine or cosineSynopsis
#include <math.h> double sin(double x); float sinf(float x); double cos(double x); float cosf(float x);
Description
sin and cos compute (respectively) the sine and cosine
of the argument x. Angles are specified in radians.
sinf and cosf are identical, save that they take and
return float values.
Returns
The sine or cosine of x is returned.
Portability
sin and cos are ANSI C.
sinf and cosf are extensions.
Next: sqrt, sqrtf—positive square root, Previous: sin, sinf, cos, cosf—sine or cosine, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
sinh, sinhf—hyperbolic sineSynopsis
#include <math.h> double sinh(double x); float sinhf(float x);
Description
sinh computes the hyperbolic sine of the argument x.
Angles are specified in radians. sinh(x) is defined as
(exp(x) - exp(-x))/2
sinhf is identical, save that it takes and returns float values.
Returns
The hyperbolic sine of x is returned.
When the correct result is too large to be representable (an
overflow), sinh returns HUGE_VAL with the
appropriate sign, and sets the global value errno to
ERANGE.
Portability
sinh is ANSI C.
sinhf is an extension.
Next: tan, tanf—tangent, Previous: sinh, sinhf—hyperbolic sine, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
sqrt, sqrtf—positive square rootSynopsis
#include <math.h> double sqrt(double x); float sqrtf(float x);
Description
sqrt computes the positive square root of the argument.
Returns
On success, the square root is returned. If x is real and
positive, then the result is positive. If x is real and
negative, the global value errno is set to EDOM (domain error).
Portability
sqrt is ANSI C. sqrtf is an extension.
Next: tanh, tanhf—hyperbolic tangent, Previous: sqrt, sqrtf—positive square root, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
tan, tanf—tangentSynopsis
#include <math.h> double tan(double x); float tanf(float x);
Description
tan computes the tangent of the argument x.
Angles are specified in radians.
tanf is identical, save that it takes and returns float values.
Returns
The tangent of x is returned.
Portability
tan is ANSI. tanf is an extension.
Next: trunc, truncf—round to integer, towards zero, Previous: tan, tanf—tangent, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
tanh, tanhf—hyperbolic tangentSynopsis
#include <math.h> double tanh(double x); float tanhf(float x);
Description
tanh computes the hyperbolic tangent of
the argument x. Angles are specified in radians.
tanh(x) is defined as
sinh(x)/cosh(x)
tanhf is identical, save that it takes and returns float values.
Returns
The hyperbolic tangent of x is returned.
Portability
tanh is ANSI C. tanhf is an extension.
Previous: tanh, tanhf—hyperbolic tangent, Up: Mathematical Functions (math.h) [Contents][Index]
trunc, truncf—round to integer, towards zeroSynopsis
#include <math.h> double trunc(double x); float truncf(float x);
Description
The trunc functions round their argument to the integer value, in
floating format, nearest to but no larger in magnitude than the
argument, regardless of the current rounding direction. (While the
"inexact" floating-point exception behavior is unspecified by the C
standard, the trunc functions are written so that "inexact" is not
raised if the result does not equal the argument, which behavior is as
recommended by IEEE 754 for its related functions.)
Returns
x truncated to an integral value.
Portability
ANSI C, POSIX
Next: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h), Previous: Mathematical Functions (math.h), Up: LIBM [Contents][Index]
This chapter groups the complex mathematical functions. The corresponding definitions and declarations are in complex.h. Functions and documentations are taken from NetBSD.
cabs, cabsf, cabsl—complex absolute-valuecacos, cacosf—complex arc cosinecacosh, cacoshf—complex arc hyperbolic cosinecarg, cargf—argument (phase angle)casin, casinf—complex arc sinecasinh, casinhf—complex arc hyperbolic sinecatan, catanf—complex arc tangentcatanh, catanhf—complex arc hyperbolic tangentccos, ccosf—complex cosineccosh, ccoshf—complex hyperbolic cosinecexp, cexpf—complex base-e exponentialcimag, cimagf, cimagl—imaginary partclog, clogf—complex base-e logarithmclog10, clog10f—complex base-10 logarithmconj, conjf—complex conjugatecpow, cpowf—complex powercproj, cprojf— Riemann sphere projectioncreal, crealf, creall—real partcsin, csinf—complex sinecsinh, csinhf—complex hyperbolic sinecsqrt, csqrtf—complex square rootctan, ctanf—complex tangentctanh, ctanf—complex hyperbolic tangent
Next: cacos, cacosf—complex arc cosine, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
cabs, cabsf, cabsl—complex absolute-valueSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double cabs(double complex z); float cabsf(float complex z); long double cabsl(long double complex z);
Description
These functions compute compute the complex absolute value
(also called norm, modulus, or magnitude) of z.
cabsf is identical to cabs, except that it performs
its calculations on float complex.
cabsl is identical to cabs, except that it performs
its calculations on long double complex.
Returns
The cabs* functions return the complex absolute value.
Portability
cabs, cabsf and cabsl are ISO C99
Next: cacosh, cacoshf—complex arc hyperbolic cosine, Previous: cabs, cabsf, cabsl—complex absolute-value, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
cacos, cacosf—complex arc cosineSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex cacos(double complex z); float complex cacosf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex arc cosine of z,
with branch cuts outside the interval [-1, +1] along the real axis.
cacosf is identical to cacos, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex arc cosine value, in the range
of a strip mathematically unbounded along the imaginary axis
and in the interval [0, pi] along the real axis.
Portability
cacos and cacosf are ISO C99
Next: carg, cargf—argument (phase angle), Previous: cacos, cacosf—complex arc cosine, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
cacosh, cacoshf—complex arc hyperbolic cosineSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex cacosh(double complex z); float complex cacoshf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex arc hyperbolic cosine of z,
with a branch cut at values less than 1 along the real axis.
cacoshf is identical to cacosh, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex arc hyperbolic cosine value,
in the range of a half-strip of non-negative values along the
real axis and in the interval [-i * pi, +i * pi] along the
imaginary axis.
Portability
cacosh and cacoshf are ISO C99
Next: casin, casinf—complex arc sine, Previous: cacosh, cacoshf—complex arc hyperbolic cosine, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
carg, cargf—argument (phase angle)Synopsis
#include <complex.h> double carg(double complex z); float cargf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the argument (also called phase angle)
of z, with a branch cut along the negative real axis.
cargf is identical to carg, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
The carg functions return the value of the argument in the
interval [-pi, +pi]
Portability
carg and cargf are ISO C99
Next: casinh, casinhf—complex arc hyperbolic sine, Previous: carg, cargf—argument (phase angle), Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
casin, casinf—complex arc sineSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex casin(double complex z); float complex casinf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex arc sine of z,
with branch cuts outside the interval [-1, +1] along the real axis.
casinf is identical to casin, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex arc sine value, in the range
of a strip mathematically unbounded along the imaginary axis
and in the interval [-pi/2, +pi/2] along the real axis.
Portability
casin and casinf are ISO C99
Next: catan, catanf—complex arc tangent, Previous: casin, casinf—complex arc sine, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
casinh, casinhf—complex arc hyperbolic sineSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex casinh(double complex z); float complex casinhf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex arc hyperbolic sine of z,
with branch cuts outside the interval [-i, +i] along the
imaginary axis.
casinhf is identical to casinh, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex arc hyperbolic sine value,
in the range of a strip mathematically unbounded along the
real axis and in the interval [-i*p/2, +i*p/2] along the
imaginary axis.
Portability
casinh and casinhf are ISO C99
Next: catanh, catanhf—complex arc hyperbolic tangent, Previous: casinh, casinhf—complex arc hyperbolic sine, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
catan, catanf—complex arc tangentSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex catan(double complex z); float complex catanf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex arc tangent of z,
with branch cuts outside the interval [-i, +i] along the
imaginary axis.
catanf is identical to catan, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex arc tangent value, in the range
of a strip mathematically unbounded along the imaginary axis
and in the interval [-pi/2, +pi/2] along the real axis.
Portability
catan and catanf are ISO C99
Next: ccos, ccosf—complex cosine, Previous: catan, catanf—complex arc tangent, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
catanh, catanhf—complex arc hyperbolic tangentSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex catanh(double complex z); float complex catanhf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex arc hyperbolic tan of z,
with branch cuts outside the interval [-1, +1] along the
real axis.
catanhf is identical to catanh, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex arc hyperbolic tangent value,
in the range of a strip mathematically unbounded along the
real axis and in the interval [-i*p/2, +i*p/2] along the
imaginary axis.
Portability
catanh and catanhf are ISO C99
Next: ccosh, ccoshf—complex hyperbolic cosine, Previous: catanh, catanhf—complex arc hyperbolic tangent, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
ccos, ccosf—complex cosineSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex ccos(double complex z); float complex ccosf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex cosine of z.
ccosf is identical to ccos, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex cosine value.
Portability
ccos and ccosf are ISO C99
Next: cexp, cexpf—complex base-e exponential, Previous: ccos, ccosf—complex cosine, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
ccosh, ccoshf—complex hyperbolic cosineSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex ccosh(double complex z); float complex ccoshf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex hyperbolic cosine of z.
ccoshf is identical to ccosh, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex hyperbolic cosine value.
Portability
ccosh and ccoshf are ISO C99
Next: cimag, cimagf, cimagl—imaginary part, Previous: ccosh, ccoshf—complex hyperbolic cosine, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
cexp, cexpf—complex base-e exponentialSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex cexp(double complex z); float complex cexpf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex base-e exponential of z.
cexpf is identical to cexp, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
The cexp functions return the complex base-e exponential value.
Portability
cexp and cexpf are ISO C99
Next: clog, clogf—complex base-e logarithm, Previous: cexp, cexpf—complex base-e exponential, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
cimag, cimagf, cimagl—imaginary partSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double cimag(double complex z); float cimagf(float complex z); long double cimagl(long double complex z);
Description
These functions compute the imaginary part of z.
cimagf is identical to cimag, except that it performs
its calculations on float complex.
cimagl is identical to cimag, except that it performs
its calculations on long double complex.
Returns
The cimag* functions return the imaginary part value (as a real).
Portability
cimag, cimagf and cimagl are ISO C99
Next: clog10, clog10f—complex base-10 logarithm, Previous: cimag, cimagf, cimagl—imaginary part, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
clog, clogf—complex base-e logarithmSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex clog(double complex z); float complex clogf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex natural (base-e) logarithm
of z, with a branch cut along the negative real axis.
clogf is identical to clog, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
The clog functions return the complex natural logarithm value, in
the range of a strip mathematically unbounded along the real axis
and in the interval [-i*pi , +i*pi] along the imaginary axis.
Portability
clog and clogf are ISO C99
Next: conj, conjf—complex conjugate, Previous: clog, clogf—complex base-e logarithm, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
clog10, clog10f—complex base-10 logarithmSynopsis
#define _GNU_SOURCE #include <complex.h> double complex clog10(double complex z); float complex clog10f(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex base-10 logarithm of z.
clog10 is equivalent to clog(z)/log(10).
clog10f is identical to clog10, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
The clog10 functions return the complex base-10 logarithm value.
Portability
clog10 and clog10f are GNU extensions.
Next: cpow, cpowf—complex power, Previous: clog10, clog10f—complex base-10 logarithm, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
conj, conjf—complex conjugateSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex conj(double complex z); float complex conjf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex conjugate of z,
by reversing the sign of its imaginary part.
conjf is identical to conj, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
The conj functions return the complex conjugate value.
Portability
conj and conjf are ISO C99
Next: cproj, cprojf— Riemann sphere projection, Previous: conj, conjf—complex conjugate, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
cpow, cpowf—complex powerSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex cpow(double complex x, double complex y); float complex cpowf(float complex x, float complex y);
Description
The cpow functions compute the complex power function x^y
power, with a branch cut for the first parameter along the
negative real axis.
cpowf is identical to cpow, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
The cpow functions return the complex power function value.
Portability
cpow and cpowf are ISO C99
Next: creal, crealf, creall—real part, Previous: cpow, cpowf—complex power, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
cproj, cprojf— Riemann sphere projectionSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex cproj(double complex z); float complex cprojf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute a projection of z onto the Riemann
sphere: z projects to z except that all complex infinities
(even those with one infinite part and one NaN part) project
to positive infinity on the real axis. If z has an infinite part,
then cproj(z) is equivalent to
INFINITY + I * copysign(0.0, cimag(z))
cprojf is identical to cproj, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
The cproj functions return the value of the projection onto
the Riemann sphere.
Portability
cproj and cprojf are ISO C99
Next: csin, csinf—complex sine, Previous: cproj, cprojf— Riemann sphere projection, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
creal, crealf, creall—real partSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double creal(double complex z); float crealf(float complex z); double long creall(long double complex z);
Description
These functions compute the real part of z.
crealf is identical to creal, except that it performs
its calculations on float complex.
creall is identical to creal, except that it performs
its calculations on long double complex.
Returns
The creal* functions return the real part value.
Portability
creal, crealf and creall are ISO C99
Next: csinh, csinhf—complex hyperbolic sine, Previous: creal, crealf, creall—real part, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
csin, csinf—complex sineSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex csin(double complex z); float complex csinf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex sine of z.
csinf is identical to csin, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex sine value.
Portability
csin and csinf are ISO C99
Next: csqrt, csqrtf—complex square root, Previous: csin, csinf—complex sine, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
csinh, csinhf—complex hyperbolic sineSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex csinh(double complex z); float complex csinhf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex hyperbolic sine of z.
ccoshf is identical to ccosh, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex hyperbolic sine value.
Portability
csinh and csinhf are ISO C99
Next: ctan, ctanf—complex tangent, Previous: csinh, csinhf—complex hyperbolic sine, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
csqrt, csqrtf—complex square rootSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex csqrt(double complex z); float complex csqrtf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex square root of z, with
a branch cut along the negative real axis.
csqrtf is identical to csqrt, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
The csqrt functions return the complex square root value, in
the range of the right halfplane (including the imaginary axis).
Portability
csqrt and csqrtf are ISO C99
Next: ctanh, ctanf—complex hyperbolic tangent, Previous: csqrt, csqrtf—complex square root, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
ctan, ctanf—complex tangentSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex ctan(double complex z); float complex ctanf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex tangent of z.
ctanf is identical to ctan, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex tangent value.
Portability
ctan and ctanf are ISO C99
Previous: ctan, ctanf—complex tangent, Up: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h) [Contents][Index]
ctanh, ctanf—complex hyperbolic tangentSynopsis
#include <complex.h> double complex ctanh(double complex z); float complex ctanhf(float complex z);
Description
These functions compute the complex hyperbolic tangent of z.
ctanhf is identical to ctanh, except that it performs
its calculations on floats complex.
Returns
These functions return the complex hyperbolic tangent value.
Portability
ctanh and ctanhf are ISO C99
Next: Reentrancy Properties of libm, Previous: Mathematical Complex Functions (complex.h), Up: LIBM [Contents][Index]
This chapter groups the methods used to manipulate the floating-point status flags. Floating-point operations modify the floating-point status flags to indicate abnormal result information.
The implementation of these methods is architecture specific.
feclearexcept—clear floating-point exceptionfegetenv—get current floating-point environmentfegetexceptflag—get floating-point status flagsfegetround—get current rounding directionfeholdexcept—save current floating-point environmentferaiseexcept—raise floating-point exceptionfesetenv—set current floating-point environmentfesetexceptflag—set floating-point status flagsfesetround—set current rounding directionfetestexcept—test floating-point exception flagsfeupdateenv—update current floating-point environment
Next: fegetenv—get current floating-point environment, Up: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h) [Contents][Index]
feclearexcept—clear floating-point exceptionSynopsis
#include <fenv.h> int feclearexcept(int except); Link with -lm.
Description
This method attempts to clear the floating-point exceptions specified
in except.
Returns
If the except argument is zero or all requested exceptions were
successfully cleared, this method returns zero. Otherwise, a non-zero
value is returned.
Portability
ANSI C requires feclearexcept.
Not all Newlib targets have a working implementation. Refer to
the file sys/fenv.h to see the status for your target.
Next: fegetexceptflag—get floating-point status flags, Previous: feclearexcept—clear floating-point exception, Up: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h) [Contents][Index]
fegetenv—get current floating-point environmentSynopsis
#include <fenv.h> int fegetenv(fenv_t *envp); Link with -lm.
Description
This method attempts to return the floating-point environment
in the area specified by envp.
Returns
If floating-point environment was successfully returned, then
this method returns zero. Otherwise, a non-zero value is returned.
Portability
ANSI C requires fegetenv.
Not all Newlib targets have a working implementation. Refer to
the file sys/fenv.h to see the status for your target.
Next: fegetround—get current rounding direction, Previous: fegetenv—get current floating-point environment, Up: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h) [Contents][Index]
fegetexceptflag—get floating-point status flagsSynopsis
#include <fenv.h> int fegetexceptflag(fexcept_t *flagp, int excepts); Link with -lm.
Description
This method attempts to store an implementation-defined representation
of the states of the floating-point status flags specified by excepts
in the memory pointed to by flagp.
Returns
If the information was successfully returned, this method returns
zero. Otherwise, a non-zero value is returned.
Portability
ANSI C requires fegetexceptflag.
Not all Newlib targets have a working implementation. Refer to
the file sys/fenv.h to see the status for your target.
Next: feholdexcept—save current floating-point environment, Previous: fegetexceptflag—get floating-point status flags, Up: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h) [Contents][Index]
fegetround—get current rounding directionSynopsis
#include <fenv.h> int fegetround(void); Link with -lm.
Description
This method returns the current rounding direction.
Returns
This method returns the rounding direction, corresponding to the value
of the respective rouding macro. If the current rounding direction cannot
be determined, then a negative value is returned.
Portability
ANSI C requires fegetround.
Not all Newlib targets have a working implementation. Refer to
the file sys/fenv.h to see the status for your target.
Next: feraiseexcept—raise floating-point exception, Previous: fegetround—get current rounding direction, Up: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h) [Contents][Index]
feholdexcept—save current floating-point environmentSynopsis
#include <fenv.h> int feholdexcept(fenv_t *envp); Link with -lm.
Description
This method attempts to save the current floating-point environment
in the fenv_t instance pointed to by envp, clear the floating
point status flags, and then, if supported by the target architecture,
install a "non-stop" (e.g. continue on floating point exceptions) mode
for all floating-point exceptions.
Returns
This method will return zero if the non-stop floating-point exception
handler was installed. Otherwise, a non-zero value is returned.
Portability
ANSI C requires feholdexcept.
Not all Newlib targets have a working implementation. Refer to
the file sys/fenv.h to see the status for your target.
Next: fesetenv—set current floating-point environment, Previous: feholdexcept—save current floating-point environment, Up: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h) [Contents][Index]
feraiseexcept—raise floating-point exceptionSynopsis
#include <fenv.h> int feraiseexcept(int excepts); Link with -lm.
Description
This method attempts to raise the floating-point exceptions specified
in excepts.
Returns
If the excepts argument is zero or all requested exceptions were
successfully raised, this method returns zero. Otherwise, a non-zero
value is returned.
Portability
ANSI C requires feraiseexcept.
Not all Newlib targets have a working implementation. Refer to
the file sys/fenv.h to see the status for your target.
Next: fesetexceptflag—set floating-point status flags, Previous: feraiseexcept—raise floating-point exception, Up: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h) [Contents][Index]
fesetenv—set current floating-point environmentSynopsis
#include <fenv.h> int fesetenv(const fenv_t *envp); Link with -lm.
Description
This method attempts to establish the floating-point environment
pointed to by envp. The argument envp must point to a
floating-point environment obtained via fegetenv or feholdexcept
or a floating-point environment macro such as FE_DFL_ENV.
It only sets the states of the flags as recorded in its argument, and does not actually raise the associated floating-point exceptions.
Returns
If floating-point environment was successfully established, then
this method returns zero. Otherwise, a non-zero value is returned.
Portability
ANSI C requires fesetenv.
Not all Newlib targets have a working implementation. Refer to
the file sys/fenv.h to see the status for your target.
Next: fesetround—set current rounding direction, Previous: fesetenv—set current floating-point environment, Up: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h) [Contents][Index]
fesetexceptflag—set floating-point status flagsSynopsis
#include <fenv.h> int fesetexceptflag(const fexcept_t *flagp, int excepts); Link with -lm.
Description
This method attempts to set the floating-point status flags specified
by excepts to the states indicated by flagp. The argument
flagp must point to an fexcept_t instance obtained via calling
fegetexceptflag with at least the floating-point exceptions specified
by the argument excepts.
This method does not raise any floating-point exceptions. It only sets the state of the flags.
Returns
If the information was successfully returned, this method returns
zero. Otherwise, a non-zero value is returned.
Portability
ANSI C requires fesetexceptflag.
Not all Newlib targets have a working implementation. Refer to
the file sys/fenv.h to see the status for your target.
Next: fetestexcept—test floating-point exception flags, Previous: fesetexceptflag—set floating-point status flags, Up: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h) [Contents][Index]
fesetround—set current rounding directionSynopsis
#include <fenv.h> int fesetround(int round); Link with -lm.
Description
This method attempts to set the current rounding direction represented
by round. round must be the value of one of the
rounding-direction macros.
Returns
If the rounding mode was successfully established, this method returns
zero. Otherwise, a non-zero value is returned.
Portability
ANSI C requires fesetround.
Not all Newlib targets have a working implementation. Refer to
the file sys/fenv.h to see the status for your target.
Next: feupdateenv—update current floating-point environment, Previous: fesetround—set current rounding direction, Up: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h) [Contents][Index]
fetestexcept—test floating-point exception flagsSynopsis
#include <fenv.h> int fetestexcept(int except); Link with -lm.
Description
This method test the current floating-point exceptions to determine
which of those specified in except are currently set.
Returns
This method returns the bitwise-inclusive OR of the floating point
exception macros which correspond to the currently set floating point
exceptions.
Portability
ANSI C requires fetestexcept.
Not all Newlib targets have a working implementation. Refer to
the file sys/fenv.h to see the status for your target.
Previous: fetestexcept—test floating-point exception flags, Up: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h) [Contents][Index]
feupdateenv—update current floating-point environmentSynopsis
#include <fenv.h> int feupdateenv(const fenv_t *envp); Link with -lm.
Description
This method attempts to save the currently raised floating point
exceptions in its automatic storage, install the floating point
environment specified by envp, and raise the saved floating
point exceptions.
The argument envp must point to a floating-point environment
obtained via fegetenv or feholdexcept.
Returns
If all actions are completed successfully, then this method returns zero.
Otherwise, a non-zero value is returned.
Portability
ANSI C requires feupdateenv.
Not all Newlib targets have a working implementation. Refer to
the file sys/fenv.h to see the status for your target.
Next: The long double function support of libm, Previous: Floating-Point Environment (fenv.h), Up: LIBM [Contents][Index]
libmWhen a libm function detects an exceptional case, errno may be
set.
errno is a macro which expands to the per-thread error value.
This makes it thread safe, and therefore reentrant.
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libmCurrently, the full set of long double math functions is only provided on platforms where long double equals double. For such platforms, the long double math functions are implemented as calls to the double versions.
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