-# @(#)australasia 7.48
+# @(#)australasia 7.65
# This file also includes Pacific islands.
# Notes are at the end of this file
# Australia
+# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# Shanks gives 1917 Jan 1 0:01; go with Whitman (and guess 2:00).
-Rule Aus 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00 1:00 -
+Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
-# Whitman says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944, and that
-# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944; go with Shanks.
+# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
+# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
+# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Northern Territory
Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
9:00 - CST 1899 May
- 9:30 - CST 1917 Jan 1 0:01
9:30 Aus CST
# Western Australia
Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
- 8:00 - WST 1917 Jan 1 0:01
- 8:00 Aus WST 1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
+ 8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul
+ 8:00 - WST 1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
8:00 1:00 WST 1975 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
8:00 - WST 1983 Oct lastSun 2:00s
8:00 1:00 WST 1984 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
# so use Lindeman.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Holiday 1989 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule Holiday 1990 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
- 10:00 - EST 1917 Jan 1 0:01
- 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Oct lastSun 2:00s
- 10:00 1:00 EST 1972 Feb lastSun 2:00s
+ 10:00 Aus EST 1971
10:00 AQ EST
Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
- 10:00 - EST 1917 Jan 1 0:01
- 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Oct lastSun 2:00s
- 10:00 1:00 EST 1972 Feb lastSun 2:00s
+ 10:00 Aus EST 1971
+ 10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul
10:00 Holiday EST
# South Australia
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule AS 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AS 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule AS 1990 1994 even Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
-Rule AS 1990 1994 odd Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
Rule AS 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
-Rule AS 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule AS 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
9:00 - CST 1899 May
- 9:30 - CST 1917 Jan 1 0:01
- 9:30 Aus CST 1971 Oct lastSun 2:00s
+ 9:30 Aus CST 1971
9:30 AS CST
# Tasmania
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule AT 1967 only - Oct 1 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule AT 1968 only - Mar 31 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
-Rule AT 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule AT 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule AT 1987 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule AT 1991 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AT 1991 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
- 10:00 - EST 1917 Jan 1 0:01
- 10:00 Aus EST 1967 Oct 1 2:00s
+ 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
+ 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
+ 10:00 Aus EST 1967
10:00 AT EST
# Victoria
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule AV 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule AV 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule AV 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AV 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
- 10:00 - EST 1917 Jan 1 0:01
- 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Oct 31 2:00s
+ 10:00 Aus EST 1971
10:00 AV EST
# New South Wales
Rule AN 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
- 10:00 - EST 1917 Jan 1 0:01
- 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Oct 31 2:00s
+ 10:00 Aus EST 1971
10:00 AN EST
Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
9:00 - CST 1899 May
- 9:30 - CST 1917 Jan 1 0:01
- 9:30 Aus CST 1971 Oct 31 2:00s
- 9:30 AN CST
+ 9:30 Aus CST 1971
+ 9:30 AN CST 2000
+ 9:30 AS CST
# Lord Howe Island
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0:30 -
-Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 0:30 -
-Rule LH 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0:30 -
-Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule LH 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
+Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
+Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
+Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
+Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
+Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
+Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
+Rule LH 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
+Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
+Rule LH 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
10:00 - EST 1981 Mar
10:30 LH LHST
#
# Ashmore Is, Cartier
# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
-# no information; probably like Australia/Perth
+# like Australia/Perth, says Turner
#
# Coral Sea Is
# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
# Macquarie
# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
-# no information
-#
-# Manihiki, Penrhyn, Rakehanga
-# no information
+# like Australia/Hobart, says Turner
# Christmas
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
# Cook Is
-# From Shanks (1995):
+# From Shanks:
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
# Fiji
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Fiji 1998 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
-Rule Fiji 1999 max - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
+Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
# Guam
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Guam 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
- 10:00 - GST
+Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
+ 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
+ 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
+ 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
# Kiribati
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# N Mariana Is
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Saipan 9:43:00 - LMT 1901
+Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
+ 9:43:00 - LMT 1901
9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
- 10:00 - MPT
+ 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
+ 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
# Marshall Is
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
- 11:00 - PONT 1969 Oct
- 12:00 - KOST # Kosrae Time
+ 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
+ 12:00 - KOST 1999
+ 11:00 - KOST
# Nauru
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
+# Shanks says the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
-# Palau
+# Palau (Belau)
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
# Papua New Guinea
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
- 9:48:40 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
+ 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
# Pitcairn
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
- -8:30 - PNT # Pitcairn Time
+ -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
+ -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
# American Samoa
Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
-10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
# Tonga
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Tonga 2000 only - Nov 4 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Tonga 2001 only - Jan 27 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Tonga 2001 only - Nov 25 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Tonga 2002 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
- 13:00 - TOT
+ 13:00 - TOT 1999
+ 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
# Tuvalu
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-03-22):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
#
-# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
# 9:00 JST Japan
# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
-# 10:00 GST Guam
+# 10:00 ChST Chamorro
# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand
# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
# -11:00 SST Samoa
# -10:00 HST Hawaii
+# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
#
# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
# Australia
+# <a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
+# Australia's Daylight Saving Times
+# </a>, by Margaret Turner, summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
+
# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
-# From Arthur David Olson (March 8 1992):
+# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
+# versus "AEST" etc.:
+#
+# I see the following points of dispute:
+#
+# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
+#
+# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
+# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
+# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
+# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
+# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
+# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
+# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
+# think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
+#
+# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
+# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
+# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
+# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
+#
+# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
+#
+# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
+# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
+# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
+# Time, for example.
+#
+# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
+# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
+# tiebreaker.
+#
+# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
+# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
+# the word "Australian"?
+#
+# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
+# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
+# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
+# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
+# following count of page hits:
+#
+# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
+# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
+# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
+# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
+#
+# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
+# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
+# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
+# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
+#
+# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
+# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
+# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
+# are the hit counts anyway:
+#
+# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
+# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
+# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
+# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
+#
+# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
+# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
+# 176 "ACST" and domain:au
+# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
+#
+# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
+# 68 "AWST" and domain:au
+#
+# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
+# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
+# the ambiguities involved.
+#
+# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
+#
+# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
+# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
+# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
+# understood in Australia.
+
# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
# Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
# Mark Prior <mrp@itd.adelaide.edu.au> writes that his newspaper
# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
# From Eric Ulevik <eau@zip.com.au> (1998-01-05):
-#
+#
# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
# relevant entries in this database.
-#
+#
# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
# it matches what was used in the past.
+# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
+# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
+# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
+# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
+
# Queensland
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
# Tasmania
-# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
-# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
-# ...Tasmania will revert to Australian Eastern Standard Time on March 31...
-
-# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
+# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# # [ Nov 1990 ]
-# ...
-# Zone Australia/Tasmania 10:00 AT %sST
-# ...
-# Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
-# Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 E
-# Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
-# Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 3:00 0 E
-# Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
-# Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
-# Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 E
-# Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
-# Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 D
-# Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 E
-# Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00 1:00 D
-# Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
-# Rule AT 1991 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
-# Rule AT 1991 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 E
-
-# From Bill Hart via Alexander Dupuy and Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
-# My state Government in there eagerness to get a few more bucks for the
-# tourist industry industry decided to change the daylight savings times
-# yet again (we now have almost 6 months per year)...
-# ...
-# Rule Oz 1986 1990 - Oct Sun<=24 2:00 1:00 -
-# Rule Oz 1991 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
-# ...
-# Rule Oz 1987 1990 - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 -
-# Rule Oz 1991 max - Mar Sun<=31 3:00 0 -
# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
# (but nothing new about that).
-# Victoria
+# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
+# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
+# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
+# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
+# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
+# instead of the first Sunday in October.
-# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
-# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
-# ...Victoria...[has] agreed to end daylight saving at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
+# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
+# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
-# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# Victoria
+
+# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
+# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# # [ Nov 1990 ]
-# ...
-# Zone Australia/Victoria 10:00 AV %sST
-# ...
-# Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
-# Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
-# Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
-# Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 E
-# Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 D
-# Rule AV 1988 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
-# Rule AV 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
+
+# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
+# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
+# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
+# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
+# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
+# in Melbourne, Australia.
+#
+# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
+# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
+# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
+# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
+# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
+# expected time.
+#
+# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
+# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
+# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
+# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
+#
+# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
+# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
# New South Wales
# legislation. This is very important to understand.
# I have researched New South Wales time only...
-# From Dave Davey (1990-03-03):
-# Rule NSW 1988 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
-# Rule NSW 1989 only - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 -
-
-# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
-# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
-# NSW...[has] agreed to end daylight saving at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
-
-# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
-# # The state of NEW SOUTH WALES.. [confirmed by Attorney General's Dept N.S.W]
-# # [ Dec 1990 ]
-# ...
-# Rule AN 1988 1989 - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 E
-# ...
-
-# From John Mackin (1991-03-09)
-# I have confirmed the accuracy of the historical data for NSW in the
-# file Robert forwarded
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
-# Sources differ on whether DST ended March 6 or March 20 in 1988;
-# March 20 (the "confirmed" date) is in the chosen rules.
-
-# From Bradley White (1995-05-20):
-# Prem Bob Carr announced NSW will fall into line with other E states
-# and SA and continue daylight savings to the last Sun in Mar.
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
+# The Information Service of the Australian National Standards Commission
+# <a href="http://www.nsc.gov.au/InfoServ/Ileaflet/il27.htm">
+# Daylight Saving
+# </a> page (1995-04) has an excellent overall history of Australian DST.
+# The Community Relations Division of the NSW Attorney General's Department
+# publishes a history of daylight saving in NSW. See:
+# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/crd.nsf/pages/time2">
+# Lawlink NSW: Daylight Saving in New South Wales
+# </a>
# From Eric Ulevik <eau@ozemail.com.au> (1999-05-26):
# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
-# October in 2000. Victoria and South Australia are expected to adopt this
-# change, Queensland is unlikely. [See: Matthew Moore,
+# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
# Two months more daylight saving
# </a>
# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
-# Also see the following official NSW source:
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
+# See the following official NSW source:
# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
# </a>
+#
+# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
+# daylight saving next year. See:
+# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
+# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
+# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
+#
+# Victoria will following NSW. See:
+# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
+# Vic to extend daylight saving
+# </a> (1999-07-28).
+#
+# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
+# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
+# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
+# </a> (1999-07-19).
+#
+# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
+# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
+# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
+# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
+# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
+# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
+# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
+# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
+# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
+#
+# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
+# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
+# Broken Hill to be behind the times
+# </a> (1999-07-21).
# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
+# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
+# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
+# towns to use Queensland time.
+
# Yancowinna
-# From John Basser (1989-01-04):
+# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
# hour ahead of NSW time.
-# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
-# For Lord Howe we use Shanks through 1991.
-# Lord Howe is part of NSW, so we'll guess it has used the same transition
-# times as NSW since 1991, even though Shanks writes that Lord Howe went
-# with Victoria when NSW and Victoria disagreed in 1982.
+# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
+# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
+# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
+# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
+# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
+# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
+# instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
+# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
+# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
+# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
+
+# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
+# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
+# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
+# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
+# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
+# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-09):
+# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks through 1989, and Lonergan thereafter.
+# For times we use Lonergan.
###############################################################################
-# New Zealand, from Elz' asia 1.1
-# Elz says "no guarantees"
+# New Zealand
# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
#
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# Shanks gives no data for Chatham; usno1989 says it's +12:45,
-# usno1995 says it's +12:45/+13:45, and IATA SSIM (1991/1996)
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
+# Shanks gives no time data for Chatham; usno1989 says it's +12:45,
+# usno1995 says it's +12:45/+13:45, and IATA SSIM (1991/1999)
# gives the NZ rules but with transitions at 2:45 local standard time.
-# Guess that they adopted DST in 1990.
+# Guess that they have been in lock-step with NZ since 1990.
###############################################################################
+
# Fiji
# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
-# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
+# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
+# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
+
# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
# millenium.
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
+# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
+
# Johnston
# Johnston data is from usno1995.
+
# Kiribati
# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
# ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
+
# Kwajalein
# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
+
# N Mariana Is, Guam
# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
-# Ignore this for now, as we have no hard data. See also Asia/Manila.
+# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
+# see Asia/Manila.
+
+# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
+# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
+# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
+# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
+
# Micronesia
# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
#
-# Shanks writes that Truk switched from GMT+10 to GMT+11 on 1978-10-01;
+# Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01;
# ignore this for now.
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
+# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
+# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
+# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
+# </a> (1999-01-26)
+# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
+# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
+
+
+# Pitcairn
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
+# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
+# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
+#
+# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
+# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
+# as Pitcairn Standard Time.
+#
+# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
+# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
+# somehow in light of this proclamation.
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
+# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
+# ... at midnight.
+
+# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
+# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
+# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
+# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
+
+
# Samoa
# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
+
# Tonga
# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
#
# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
-# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of th 40
+# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
# minutes we have lost?"
#
# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
# Government.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen [straen@thorsen.priv.no] (1999-09-09):
+# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
+#
+# I was given this link by John Letts <johnletts@earthlink.net>:
+# <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
+# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
+# </a>
+#
+# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
+# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
+# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
+# (12 + 1 hour DST).
+
+# From Arthur David Olson [arthur_david_olson@nih.gov] (1999-09-20):
+# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
+# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
+# </a>:
+# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
+# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
+# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
+# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
+# set back an hour on the closing date."
+# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
+# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
+# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
+# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
+# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
+# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
+# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
+# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
+# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
+# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-07-17):
+# The Kingdom of Tonga will move to DST at 0200 local time on Sunday,
+# November 25, 2001 and revert back to standard time at 0300 local
+# time on Sunday, March 3, 2002.
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# The International Date Line
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
+#
+# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
+# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
+# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
+# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
+#
+# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
+# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
+# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
+# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
+# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
+# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
+# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.
+#
+# An Anglo-French Conference on Time-Keeping at Sea (June, 1917) agreed that
+# legal time on the high seas would be zone time, i.e., the standard time at
+# the nearest meridian that is a multiple of fifteen degrees. The date is
+# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
+# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
+# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
+# correct date is ambiguous.
git://sourceware.org / glibc.git / blobdiff