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typedef bfdA BFD has type bfd; objects of this type are the
cornerstone of any application using BFD. Using BFD
consists of making references though the BFD and to data in the BFD.
Here is the structure that defines the type bfd. It
contains the major data about the file and pointers
to the rest of the data.
struct bfd
{
/* A unique identifier of the BFD */
unsigned int id;
/* The filename the application opened the BFD with. */
const char *filename;
/* A pointer to the target jump table. */
const struct bfd_target *xvec;
/* The IOSTREAM, and corresponding IO vector that provide access
to the file backing the BFD. */
void *iostream;
const struct bfd_iovec *iovec;
/* Is the file descriptor being cached? That is, can it be closed as
needed, and re-opened when accessed later? */
bfd_boolean cacheable;
/* Marks whether there was a default target specified when the
BFD was opened. This is used to select which matching algorithm
to use to choose the back end. */
bfd_boolean target_defaulted;
/* The caching routines use these to maintain a
least-recently-used list of BFDs. */
struct bfd *lru_prev, *lru_next;
/* When a file is closed by the caching routines, BFD retains
state information on the file here... */
ufile_ptr where;
/* ... and here: (``once'' means at least once). */
bfd_boolean opened_once;
/* Set if we have a locally maintained mtime value, rather than
getting it from the file each time. */
bfd_boolean mtime_set;
/* File modified time, if mtime_set is TRUE. */
long mtime;
/* Reserved for an unimplemented file locking extension. */
int ifd;
/* The format which belongs to the BFD. (object, core, etc.) */
bfd_format format;
/* The direction with which the BFD was opened. */
enum bfd_direction
{
no_direction = 0,
read_direction = 1,
write_direction = 2,
both_direction = 3
}
direction;
/* Format_specific flags. */
flagword flags;
/* Currently my_archive is tested before adding origin to
anything. I believe that this can become always an add of
origin, with origin set to 0 for non archive files. */
ufile_ptr origin;
/* Remember when output has begun, to stop strange things
from happening. */
bfd_boolean output_has_begun;
/* A hash table for section names. */
struct bfd_hash_table section_htab;
/* Pointer to linked list of sections. */
struct bfd_section *sections;
/* The last section on the section list. */
struct bfd_section *section_last;
/* The number of sections. */
unsigned int section_count;
/* Stuff only useful for object files:
The start address. */
bfd_vma start_address;
/* Used for input and output. */
unsigned int symcount;
/* Symbol table for output BFD (with symcount entries). */
struct bfd_symbol **outsymbols;
/* Used for slurped dynamic symbol tables. */
unsigned int dynsymcount;
/* Pointer to structure which contains architecture information. */
const struct bfd_arch_info *arch_info;
/* Flag set if symbols from this BFD should not be exported. */
bfd_boolean no_export;
/* Stuff only useful for archives. */
void *arelt_data;
struct bfd *my_archive; /* The containing archive BFD. */
struct bfd *archive_next; /* The next BFD in the archive. */
struct bfd *archive_head; /* The first BFD in the archive. */
bfd_boolean has_armap;
/* A chain of BFD structures involved in a link. */
struct bfd *link_next;
/* A field used by _bfd_generic_link_add_archive_symbols. This will
be used only for archive elements. */
int archive_pass;
/* Used by the back end to hold private data. */
union
{
struct aout_data_struct *aout_data;
struct artdata *aout_ar_data;
struct _oasys_data *oasys_obj_data;
struct _oasys_ar_data *oasys_ar_data;
struct coff_tdata *coff_obj_data;
struct pe_tdata *pe_obj_data;
struct xcoff_tdata *xcoff_obj_data;
struct ecoff_tdata *ecoff_obj_data;
struct ieee_data_struct *ieee_data;
struct ieee_ar_data_struct *ieee_ar_data;
struct srec_data_struct *srec_data;
struct ihex_data_struct *ihex_data;
struct tekhex_data_struct *tekhex_data;
struct elf_obj_tdata *elf_obj_data;
struct nlm_obj_tdata *nlm_obj_data;
struct bout_data_struct *bout_data;
struct mmo_data_struct *mmo_data;
struct sun_core_struct *sun_core_data;
struct sco5_core_struct *sco5_core_data;
struct trad_core_struct *trad_core_data;
struct som_data_struct *som_data;
struct hpux_core_struct *hpux_core_data;
struct hppabsd_core_struct *hppabsd_core_data;
struct sgi_core_struct *sgi_core_data;
struct lynx_core_struct *lynx_core_data;
struct osf_core_struct *osf_core_data;
struct cisco_core_struct *cisco_core_data;
struct versados_data_struct *versados_data;
struct netbsd_core_struct *netbsd_core_data;
struct mach_o_data_struct *mach_o_data;
struct mach_o_fat_data_struct *mach_o_fat_data;
struct bfd_pef_data_struct *pef_data;
struct bfd_pef_xlib_data_struct *pef_xlib_data;
struct bfd_sym_data_struct *sym_data;
void *any;
}
tdata;
/* Used by the application to hold private data. */
void *usrdata;
/* Where all the allocated stuff under this BFD goes. This is a
struct objalloc *, but we use void * to avoid requiring the inclusion
of objalloc.h. */
void *memory;
};
Most BFD functions return nonzero on success (check their
individual documentation for precise semantics). On an error,
they call bfd_set_error to set an error condition that callers
can check by calling bfd_get_error.
If that returns bfd_error_system_call, then check
errno.
The easiest way to report a BFD error to the user is to
use bfd_perror.
bfd_error_typeThe values returned by bfd_get_error are defined by the
enumerated type bfd_error_type.
typedef enum bfd_error
{
bfd_error_no_error = 0,
bfd_error_system_call,
bfd_error_invalid_target,
bfd_error_wrong_format,
bfd_error_wrong_object_format,
bfd_error_invalid_operation,
bfd_error_no_memory,
bfd_error_no_symbols,
bfd_error_no_armap,
bfd_error_no_more_archived_files,
bfd_error_malformed_archive,
bfd_error_file_not_recognized,
bfd_error_file_ambiguously_recognized,
bfd_error_no_contents,
bfd_error_nonrepresentable_section,
bfd_error_no_debug_section,
bfd_error_bad_value,
bfd_error_file_truncated,
bfd_error_file_too_big,
bfd_error_on_input,
bfd_error_invalid_error_code
}
bfd_error_type;
bfd_get_errorSynopsis
bfd_error_type bfd_get_error (void);
Description
Return the current BFD error condition.
bfd_set_errorSynopsis
void bfd_set_error (bfd_error_type error_tag, ...);
Description
Set the BFD error condition to be error_tag.
If error_tag is bfd_error_on_input, then this function
takes two more parameters, the input bfd where the error
occurred, and the bfd_error_type error.
bfd_errmsgSynopsis
const char *bfd_errmsg (bfd_error_type error_tag);
Description
Return a string describing the error error_tag, or
the system error if error_tag is bfd_error_system_call.
bfd_perrorSynopsis
void bfd_perror (const char *message);
Description
Print to the standard error stream a string describing the
last BFD error that occurred, or the last system error if
the last BFD error was a system call failure. If message
is non-NULL and non-empty, the error string printed is preceded
by message, a colon, and a space. It is followed by a newline.
Some BFD functions want to print messages describing the problem. They call a BFD error handler function. This function may be overridden by the program.
The BFD error handler acts like printf.
typedef void (*bfd_error_handler_type) (const char *, ...);
bfd_set_error_handlerSynopsis
bfd_error_handler_type bfd_set_error_handler (bfd_error_handler_type);
Description
Set the BFD error handler function. Returns the previous
function.
bfd_set_error_program_nameSynopsis
void bfd_set_error_program_name (const char *);
Description
Set the program name to use when printing a BFD error. This
is printed before the error message followed by a colon and
space. The string must not be changed after it is passed to
this function.
bfd_get_error_handlerSynopsis
bfd_error_handler_type bfd_get_error_handler (void);
Description
Return the BFD error handler function.
bfd_get_reloc_upper_boundSynopsis
long bfd_get_reloc_upper_bound (bfd *abfd, asection *sect);
Description
Return the number of bytes required to store the
relocation information associated with section sect
attached to bfd abfd. If an error occurs, return -1.
bfd_canonicalize_relocSynopsis
long bfd_canonicalize_reloc
(bfd *abfd, asection *sec, arelent **loc, asymbol **syms);
Description
Call the back end associated with the open BFD
abfd and translate the external form of the relocation
information attached to sec into the internal canonical
form. Place the table into memory at loc, which has
been preallocated, usually by a call to
bfd_get_reloc_upper_bound. Returns the number of relocs, or
-1 on error.
The syms table is also needed for horrible internal magic reasons.
bfd_set_relocSynopsis
void bfd_set_reloc
(bfd *abfd, asection *sec, arelent **rel, unsigned int count);
Description
Set the relocation pointer and count within
section sec to the values rel and count.
The argument abfd is ignored.
bfd_set_file_flagsSynopsis
bfd_boolean bfd_set_file_flags (bfd *abfd, flagword flags);
Description
Set the flag word in the BFD abfd to the value flags.
Possible errors are:
bfd_error_wrong_format - The target bfd was not of object format.
bfd_error_invalid_operation - The target bfd was open for reading.
bfd_error_invalid_operation -
The flag word contained a bit which was not applicable to the
type of file. E.g., an attempt was made to set the D_PAGED bit
on a BFD format which does not support demand paging.
bfd_get_arch_sizeSynopsis
int bfd_get_arch_size (bfd *abfd);
Description
Returns the architecture address size, in bits, as determined
by the object file's format. For ELF, this information is
included in the header.
Returns
Returns the arch size in bits if known, -1 otherwise.
bfd_get_sign_extend_vmaSynopsis
int bfd_get_sign_extend_vma (bfd *abfd);
Description
Indicates if the target architecture "naturally" sign extends
an address. Some architectures implicitly sign extend address
values when they are converted to types larger than the size
of an address. For instance, bfd_get_start_address() will
return an address sign extended to fill a bfd_vma when this is
the case.
Returns
Returns 1 if the target architecture is known to sign
extend addresses, 0 if the target architecture is known to
not sign extend addresses, and -1 otherwise.
bfd_set_start_addressSynopsis
bfd_boolean bfd_set_start_address (bfd *abfd, bfd_vma vma);
Description
Make vma the entry point of output BFD abfd.
Returns
Returns TRUE on success, FALSE otherwise.
bfd_get_gp_sizeSynopsis
unsigned int bfd_get_gp_size (bfd *abfd);
Description
Return the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP
register under MIPS ECOFF. This is typically set by the -G
argument to the compiler, assembler or linker.
bfd_set_gp_sizeSynopsis
void bfd_set_gp_size (bfd *abfd, unsigned int i);
Description
Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP
register under ECOFF or MIPS ELF. This is typically set by
the -G argument to the compiler, assembler or linker.
bfd_scan_vmaSynopsis
bfd_vma bfd_scan_vma (const char *string, const char **end, int base);
Description
Convert, like strtoul, a numerical expression
string into a bfd_vma integer, and return that integer.
(Though without as many bells and whistles as strtoul.)
The expression is assumed to be unsigned (i.e., positive).
If given a base, it is used as the base for conversion.
A base of 0 causes the function to interpret the string
in hex if a leading "0x" or "0X" is found, otherwise
in octal if a leading zero is found, otherwise in decimal.
If the value would overflow, the maximum bfd_vma value is
returned.
bfd_copy_private_header_dataSynopsis
bfd_boolean bfd_copy_private_header_data (bfd *ibfd, bfd *obfd);
Description
Copy private BFD header information from the BFD ibfd to the
the BFD obfd. This copies information that may require
sections to exist, but does not require symbol tables. Return
true on success, false on error.
Possible error returns are:
bfd_error_no_memory -
Not enough memory exists to create private data for obfd.
#define bfd_copy_private_header_data(ibfd, obfd) \
BFD_SEND (obfd, _bfd_copy_private_header_data, \
(ibfd, obfd))
bfd_copy_private_bfd_dataSynopsis
bfd_boolean bfd_copy_private_bfd_data (bfd *ibfd, bfd *obfd);
Description
Copy private BFD information from the BFD ibfd to the
the BFD obfd. Return TRUE on success, FALSE on error.
Possible error returns are:
bfd_error_no_memory -
Not enough memory exists to create private data for obfd.
#define bfd_copy_private_bfd_data(ibfd, obfd) \
BFD_SEND (obfd, _bfd_copy_private_bfd_data, \
(ibfd, obfd))
bfd_merge_private_bfd_dataSynopsis
bfd_boolean bfd_merge_private_bfd_data (bfd *ibfd, bfd *obfd);
Description
Merge private BFD information from the BFD ibfd to the
the output file BFD obfd when linking. Return TRUE
on success, FALSE on error. Possible error returns are:
bfd_error_no_memory -
Not enough memory exists to create private data for obfd.
#define bfd_merge_private_bfd_data(ibfd, obfd) \
BFD_SEND (obfd, _bfd_merge_private_bfd_data, \
(ibfd, obfd))
bfd_set_private_flagsSynopsis
bfd_boolean bfd_set_private_flags (bfd *abfd, flagword flags);
Description
Set private BFD flag information in the BFD abfd.
Return TRUE on success, FALSE on error. Possible error
returns are:
bfd_error_no_memory -
Not enough memory exists to create private data for obfd.
#define bfd_set_private_flags(abfd, flags) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_set_private_flags, (abfd, flags))
Other functionsDescription
The following functions exist but have not yet been documented.
#define bfd_sizeof_headers(abfd, info) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_sizeof_headers, (abfd, info))
#define bfd_find_nearest_line(abfd, sec, syms, off, file, func, line) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_find_nearest_line, \
(abfd, sec, syms, off, file, func, line))
#define bfd_find_line(abfd, syms, sym, file, line) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_find_line, \
(abfd, syms, sym, file, line))
#define bfd_find_inliner_info(abfd, file, func, line) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_find_inliner_info, \
(abfd, file, func, line))
#define bfd_debug_info_start(abfd) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_debug_info_start, (abfd))
#define bfd_debug_info_end(abfd) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_debug_info_end, (abfd))
#define bfd_debug_info_accumulate(abfd, section) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_debug_info_accumulate, (abfd, section))
#define bfd_stat_arch_elt(abfd, stat) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_stat_arch_elt,(abfd, stat))
#define bfd_update_armap_timestamp(abfd) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_update_armap_timestamp, (abfd))
#define bfd_set_arch_mach(abfd, arch, mach)\
BFD_SEND ( abfd, _bfd_set_arch_mach, (abfd, arch, mach))
#define bfd_relax_section(abfd, section, link_info, again) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_relax_section, (abfd, section, link_info, again))
#define bfd_gc_sections(abfd, link_info) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_gc_sections, (abfd, link_info))
#define bfd_merge_sections(abfd, link_info) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_merge_sections, (abfd, link_info))
#define bfd_is_group_section(abfd, sec) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_is_group_section, (abfd, sec))
#define bfd_discard_group(abfd, sec) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_discard_group, (abfd, sec))
#define bfd_link_hash_table_create(abfd) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_link_hash_table_create, (abfd))
#define bfd_link_hash_table_free(abfd, hash) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_link_hash_table_free, (hash))
#define bfd_link_add_symbols(abfd, info) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_link_add_symbols, (abfd, info))
#define bfd_link_just_syms(abfd, sec, info) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_link_just_syms, (sec, info))
#define bfd_final_link(abfd, info) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_final_link, (abfd, info))
#define bfd_free_cached_info(abfd) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_free_cached_info, (abfd))
#define bfd_get_dynamic_symtab_upper_bound(abfd) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_get_dynamic_symtab_upper_bound, (abfd))
#define bfd_print_private_bfd_data(abfd, file)\
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_print_private_bfd_data, (abfd, file))
#define bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_symtab(abfd, asymbols) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_symtab, (abfd, asymbols))
#define bfd_get_synthetic_symtab(abfd, count, syms, dyncount, dynsyms, ret) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_get_synthetic_symtab, (abfd, count, syms, \
dyncount, dynsyms, ret))
#define bfd_get_dynamic_reloc_upper_bound(abfd) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_get_dynamic_reloc_upper_bound, (abfd))
#define bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_reloc(abfd, arels, asyms) \
BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_reloc, (abfd, arels, asyms))
extern bfd_byte *bfd_get_relocated_section_contents
(bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *, struct bfd_link_order *, bfd_byte *,
bfd_boolean, asymbol **);
bfd_alt_mach_codeSynopsis
bfd_boolean bfd_alt_mach_code (bfd *abfd, int alternative);
Description
When more than one machine code number is available for the
same machine type, this function can be used to switch between
the preferred one (alternative == 0) and any others. Currently,
only ELF supports this feature, with up to two alternate
machine codes.
struct bfd_preserve
{
void *marker;
void *tdata;
flagword flags;
const struct bfd_arch_info *arch_info;
struct bfd_section *sections;
struct bfd_section *section_last;
unsigned int section_count;
struct bfd_hash_table section_htab;
};
bfd_preserve_saveSynopsis
bfd_boolean bfd_preserve_save (bfd *, struct bfd_preserve *);
Description
When testing an object for compatibility with a particular
target back-end, the back-end object_p function needs to set
up certain fields in the bfd on successfully recognizing the
object. This typically happens in a piecemeal fashion, with
failures possible at many points. On failure, the bfd is
supposed to be restored to its initial state, which is
virtually impossible. However, restoring a subset of the bfd
state works in practice. This function stores the subset and
reinitializes the bfd.
bfd_preserve_restoreSynopsis
void bfd_preserve_restore (bfd *, struct bfd_preserve *);
Description
This function restores bfd state saved by bfd_preserve_save.
If MARKER is non-NULL in struct bfd_preserve then that block
and all subsequently bfd_alloc'd memory is freed.
bfd_preserve_finishSynopsis
void bfd_preserve_finish (bfd *, struct bfd_preserve *);
Description
This function should be called when the bfd state saved by
bfd_preserve_save is no longer needed. ie. when the back-end
object_p function returns with success.
bfd_emul_get_maxpagesizeSynopsis
bfd_vma bfd_emul_get_maxpagesize (const char *);
Description
Returns the maximum page size, in bytes, as determined by
emulation.
Returns
Returns the maximum page size in bytes for ELF, abort
otherwise.
bfd_emul_set_maxpagesizeSynopsis
void bfd_emul_set_maxpagesize (const char *, bfd_vma);
Description
For ELF, set the maximum page size for the emulation. It is
a no-op for other formats.
bfd_emul_get_commonpagesizeSynopsis
bfd_vma bfd_emul_get_commonpagesize (const char *);
Description
Returns the common page size, in bytes, as determined by
emulation.
Returns
Returns the common page size in bytes for ELF, abort otherwise.
bfd_emul_set_commonpagesizeSynopsis
void bfd_emul_set_commonpagesize (const char *, bfd_vma);
Description
For ELF, set the common page size for the emulation. It is
a no-op for other formats.
bfd_demangleSynopsis
char *bfd_demangle (bfd *, const char *, int);
Description
Wrapper around cplus_demangle. Strips leading underscores and
other such chars that would otherwise confuse the demangler.
If passed a g++ v3 ABI mangled name, returns a buffer allocated
with malloc holding the demangled name. Returns NULL otherwise
and on memory alloc failure.
struct bfd_iovecDescription
The struct bfd_iovec contains the internal file I/O class.
Each BFD has an instance of this class and all file I/O is
routed through it (it is assumed that the instance implements
all methods listed below).
struct bfd_iovec
{
/* To avoid problems with macros, a "b" rather than "f"
prefix is prepended to each method name. */
/* Attempt to read/write NBYTES on ABFD's IOSTREAM storing/fetching
bytes starting at PTR. Return the number of bytes actually
transfered (a read past end-of-file returns less than NBYTES),
or -1 (setting bfd_error) if an error occurs. */
file_ptr (*bread) (struct bfd *abfd, void *ptr, file_ptr nbytes);
file_ptr (*bwrite) (struct bfd *abfd, const void *ptr,
file_ptr nbytes);
/* Return the current IOSTREAM file offset, or -1 (setting bfd_error
if an error occurs. */
file_ptr (*btell) (struct bfd *abfd);
/* For the following, on successful completion a value of 0 is returned.
Otherwise, a value of -1 is returned (and bfd_error is set). */
int (*bseek) (struct bfd *abfd, file_ptr offset, int whence);
int (*bclose) (struct bfd *abfd);
int (*bflush) (struct bfd *abfd);
int (*bstat) (struct bfd *abfd, struct stat *sb);
};
bfd_get_mtimeSynopsis
long bfd_get_mtime (bfd *abfd);
Description
Return the file modification time (as read from the file system, or
from the archive header for archive members).
bfd_get_sizeSynopsis
file_ptr bfd_get_size (bfd *abfd);
Description
Return the file size (as read from file system) for the file
associated with BFD abfd.
The initial motivation for, and use of, this routine is not so we can get the exact size of the object the BFD applies to, since that might not be generally possible (archive members for example). It would be ideal if someone could eventually modify it so that such results were guaranteed.
Instead, we want to ask questions like "is this NNN byte sized
object I'm about to try read from file offset YYY reasonable?"
As as example of where we might do this, some object formats
use string tables for which the first sizeof (long) bytes of the
table contain the size of the table itself, including the size bytes.
If an application tries to read what it thinks is one of these
string tables, without some way to validate the size, and for
some reason the size is wrong (byte swapping error, wrong location
for the string table, etc.), the only clue is likely to be a read
error when it tries to read the table, or a "virtual memory
exhausted" error when it tries to allocate 15 bazillon bytes
of space for the 15 bazillon byte table it is about to read.
This function at least allows us to answer the question, "is the
size reasonable?".