Re: [PATCH v2] Improve performance of strstr

[Wilco Dijkstra <Wilco dot Dijkstra at arm dot com>]

ping



From: Wilco Dijkstra
Sent: 31 December 2018 21:01
To: 'GNU C Library'
Cc: nd; Rich Felker
Subject: [PATCH v2] Improve performance of strstr
  

This patch significantly improves performance of strstr compared to the
previous version [1] using a novel modified Horspool algorithm.  Needles up
to size 256 use a bad-character table indexed by hashed pairs of characters
to quickly skip past mismatches. Long needles use a self-adapting filtering
step to avoid comparing the whole needle repeatedly.

By limiting the needle length to 256, the shift table only requires 8 bits
per entry, lowering preprocessing overhead and minimizing cache effects.
This limit also implies worst-case performance is linear.

Small needles up to size 3 use a dedicated linear search.  Very long needles
use the Two-Way algorithm.

The performance gain using the improved bench-strstr [2] on Cortex-A72 is 5.8
times basic_strstr and 3.7 times twoway_strstr.

Tested against GLIBC testsuite, randomized tests and the GNULIB strstr test
(https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gnulib.git/tree/tests/test-strstr.c).

OK for commit?

[1] https://www.sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2018-10/msg00634.html
[2] https://www.sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2018-12/msg01057.html

ChangeLog:
2018-12-31  Wilco Dijkstra  <wdijkstr@arm.com>

        * string/str-two-way.h (two_way_short_needle): Add inline to avoid
        warning.
        (two_way_long_needle): Block inlining.
        * string/strstr.c (strstr2): Add new function.
        (strstr3): Likewise.
        (STRSTR): Completely rewrite strstr to improve performance.

--
diff --git a/string/str-two-way.h b/string/str-two-way.h
index 523d946c59412e1f1f65b8ec3778553b83191952..5a800e0eaf1c7505a9340a7aabd149326958df4a 100644
--- a/string/str-two-way.h
+++ b/string/str-two-way.h
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ critical_factorization (const unsigned char *needle, size_t needle_len,
    most 2 * HAYSTACK_LEN - NEEDLE_LEN comparisons occur in searching.
    If AVAILABLE modifies HAYSTACK_LEN (as in strstr), then at most 3 *
    HAYSTACK_LEN - NEEDLE_LEN comparisons occur in searching.  */
-static RETURN_TYPE
+static inline RETURN_TYPE
 two_way_short_needle (const unsigned char *haystack, size_t haystack_len,
                       const unsigned char *needle, size_t needle_len)
 {
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ two_way_short_needle (const unsigned char *haystack, size_t haystack_len,
    If AVAILABLE modifies HAYSTACK_LEN (as in strstr), then at most 3 *
    HAYSTACK_LEN - NEEDLE_LEN comparisons occur in searching, and
    sublinear performance is not possible.  */
-static RETURN_TYPE
+__attribute__((noinline)) static RETURN_TYPE
 two_way_long_needle (const unsigned char *haystack, size_t haystack_len,
                      const unsigned char *needle, size_t needle_len)
 {
diff --git a/string/strstr.c b/string/strstr.c
index f74d7189ed1319f6225525cc2d32380745de1523..aca83626772f5a23da78643edfeec3bf2feafc2d 100644
--- a/string/strstr.c
+++ b/string/strstr.c
@@ -16,21 +16,12 @@
    License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
    <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
 
-/* This particular implementation was written by Eric Blake, 2008.  */
-
 #ifndef _LIBC
 # include <config.h>
 #endif
 
-/* Specification of strstr.  */
 #include <string.h>
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
-
-#ifndef _LIBC
-# define __builtin_expect(expr, val)   (expr)
-#endif
-
 #define RETURN_TYPE char *
 #define AVAILABLE(h, h_l, j, n_l)                       \
   (((j) + (n_l) <= (h_l)) \
@@ -47,47 +38,122 @@
 #define STRSTR strstr
 #endif
 
-/* Return the first occurrence of NEEDLE in HAYSTACK.  Return HAYSTACK
-   if NEEDLE is empty, otherwise NULL if NEEDLE is not found in
-   HAYSTACK.  */
-char *
-STRSTR (const char *haystack, const char *needle)
+static inline char *
+strstr2 (const unsigned char *hs, const unsigned char *ne)
 {
-  size_t needle_len; /* Length of NEEDLE.  */
-  size_t haystack_len; /* Known minimum length of HAYSTACK.  */
-
-  /* Handle empty NEEDLE special case.  */
-  if (needle[0] == '\0')
-    return (char *) haystack;
+  uint32_t h1 = (ne[0] << 16) | ne[1];
+  uint32_t h2 = 0;
+  for (int c = hs[0]; h1 != h2 && c != 0; c = *++hs)
+      h2 = (h2 << 16) | c;
+  return h1 == h2 ? (char *)hs - 2 : NULL;
+}
 
-  /* Skip until we find the first matching char from NEEDLE.  */
-  haystack = strchr (haystack, needle[0]);
-  if (haystack == NULL || needle[1] == '\0')
-    return (char *) haystack;
+static inline char *
+strstr3 (const unsigned char *hs, const unsigned char *ne)
+{
+  uint32_t h1 = (ne[0] << 24) | (ne[1] << 16) | (ne[2] << 8);
+  uint32_t h2 = 0;
+  for (int c = hs[0]; h1 != h2 && c != 0; c = *++hs)
+      h2 = (h2 | c) << 8;
+  return h1 == h2 ? (char *)hs - 3 : NULL;
+}
 
-  /* Ensure HAYSTACK length is at least as long as NEEDLE length.
-     Since a match may occur early on in a huge HAYSTACK, use strnlen
+#define hash2(p) (((size_t)(p)[0] - ((size_t)(p)[-1] << 3)) % sizeof (shift))
+
+/* Fast strstr algorithm with guaranteed linear-time performance.
+   Small needles up to size 2 use a dedicated linear search.  Longer needles
+   up to size 256 use a novel modified Horspool algorithm.  It hashes pairs
+   of characters to quickly skip past mismatches.  The main search loop only
+   exits if the last 2 characters match, avoiding unnecessary calls to memcmp
+   and allowing for a larger skip if there is no match.  A self-adapting
+   filtering check is used to quickly detect mismatches in long needles.
+   By limiting the needle length to 256, the shift table can be reduced to 8
+   bits per entry, lowering preprocessing overhead and minimizing cache effects.
+   The limit also implies worst-case performance is linear.
+   Needles larger than 256 characters use the linear-time Two-Way algorithm.  */
+char *
+STRSTR (const char *haystack, const char *needle)
+{
+  const unsigned char *hs = (const unsigned char *) haystack;
+  const unsigned char *ne = (const unsigned char *) needle;
+
+  /* Handle short needle special cases first.  */
+  if (ne[0] == '\0')
+    return (char *)hs;
+  hs = (const unsigned char *)strchr ((const char*)hs, ne[0]);
+  if (hs == NULL || ne[1] == '\0')
+    return (char*)hs;
+  if (ne[2] == '\0')
+    return strstr2 (hs, ne);
+  if (ne[3] == '\0')
+    return strstr3 (hs, ne);
+
+  /* Ensure haystack length is at least as long as needle length.
+     Since a match may occur early on in a huge haystack, use strnlen
      and read ahead a few cachelines for improved performance.  */
-  needle_len = strlen (needle);
-  haystack_len = __strnlen (haystack, needle_len + 256);
-  if (haystack_len < needle_len)
+  size_t ne_len = strlen ((const char*)ne);
+  size_t hs_len = __strnlen ((const char*)hs, ne_len | 512);
+  if (hs_len < ne_len)
     return NULL;
 
-  /* Check whether we have a match.  This improves performance since we avoid
-     the initialization overhead of the two-way algorithm.  */
-  if (memcmp (haystack, needle, needle_len) == 0)
-    return (char *) haystack;
-
-  /* Perform the search.  Abstract memory is considered to be an array
-     of 'unsigned char' values, not an array of 'char' values.  See
-     ISO C 99 section 6.2.6.1.  */
-  if (needle_len < LONG_NEEDLE_THRESHOLD)
-    return two_way_short_needle ((const unsigned char *) haystack,
-                                haystack_len,
-                                (const unsigned char *) needle, needle_len);
-  return two_way_long_needle ((const unsigned char *) haystack, haystack_len,
-                             (const unsigned char *) needle, needle_len);
+  /* Check whether we have a match.  This improves performance since we
+     avoid initialization overheads.  */
+  if (memcmp (hs, ne, ne_len) == 0)
+    return (char *) hs;
+
+  /* Use Two-Way algorithm for very long needles.  */
+  if (__glibc_unlikely (ne_len > 256))
+    return two_way_long_needle (hs, hs_len, ne, ne_len);
+
+  const unsigned char *end = hs + hs_len - ne_len;
+  uint8_t shift[256];
+  size_t tmp, shift1;
+  size_t m1 = ne_len - 1;
+  size_t offset = 0;
+
+  /* Initialize bad character shift hash table.  */
+  memset (shift, 0, sizeof (shift));
+  for (int i = 1; i < m1; i++)
+    shift[hash2 (ne + i)] = i;
+  shift1 = m1 - shift[hash2 (ne + m1)];
+  shift[hash2 (ne + m1)] = m1;
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      if (__glibc_unlikely (hs > end))
+       {
+         end += __strnlen ((const char*)end + m1 + 1, 2048);
+         if (hs > end)
+           return NULL;
+       }
+
+      /* Skip past character pairs not in the needle.  */
+      do
+       {
+         hs += m1;
+         tmp = shift[hash2 (hs)];
+       }
+      while (hs <= end && tmp == 0);
+
+      /* If the match is not at the end of the needle, shift to the end
+        and continue until we match the last 2 characters.  */
+      hs -= tmp;
+      if (tmp < m1)
+       continue;
+
+      /* The last 2 characters match.  If the needle is long, check a
+        fixed number of characters first to quickly filter out mismatches.  */
+      if (memcmp (hs + offset, ne + offset, sizeof (int)) == 0)
+       {
+         if (memcmp (hs, ne, m1) == 0)
+           return (void *) hs;
+
+         /* Adjust filter offset when it doesn't find the mismatch.  */
+         offset = (offset >= sizeof (int) ? offset : m1) - sizeof (int);
+       }
+
+      /* Skip based on matching the last 2 characters.  */
+      hs += shift1;
+    }
 }
 libc_hidden_builtin_def (strstr)
-
-#undef LONG_NEEDLE_THRESHOLD